all glossing abbreviations (alphabetical) · click any for details
1first person
2second person
3third person
~ssingular
~pplural
~sxsingular possessive
~pxplural possessive
~eemphatic
~iindependent / unbound
1Done-dimensional classifier
2Dtwo-dimensional classifier
3Dthree-dimensional classifier
ANIManimate classifier
HUMhuman classifier
GNRgeneric classifier
CLFclassifier (general)
NEGnegative
IRRirrealis
DESdesiderative
ABILability
HIThit, encounter (multifunctional)
OPPopportunitive
APPRapprehensive
BENbenefactive
MALmalefactive
RECPreciprocal
REFLreflexive
NSnew situation
CONTcontinuative
PRFperfect
COLLcollective
INTSintensifier
EXTextent
SUPLsuperlative
CMPRcomparative
EXCexcessive degree
NMLZnominalizer
LOC.Nlocative noun
RLNrelational marker
ELABelaborate expression morpheme
Asubject of transitive verb
Ssubject of intransitive verb
Ppatient / object
LOC.Plocative preposition
ALL.Pallative preposition
GNR.Pgeneric preposition
COMcomitative marker
COMPcomplementizer
RELrelative clause marker
PURPpurpose
CONDconditional
CONCconcessive
SIMsimilative
TOPtopic
FRAMEframe-setting particle
CNTRcontrastive
CORcoreference marker
WDwɛ̄.dâˀ (coreference+exclusive)
FPfinal particle (general)
FACTfactive particle
PQpolar question particle
CQcontent question particle
AGRagreement-soliciting
ATTattenuative
OPToptative
PROHprohibitive
SUPPsuppositive
CONFconfirmative
UPmove upward
DOWNmove downward
HORIZhorizontal direction
AWAYaway (directional/aspect)
FIXEDfixed in position
LEARNlearn, train
PREPpreparative
SOCsociative
V1first verb in series
V2second verb in series
Nnoun
Vverb
PNproper noun
PTCLparticle
INTJinterjection
IDEOideophone
ONOMonomatopoeia
Bbrother
eolder (kinship)
Ffather / female (context)
Ggrand-
Mmother / male (context)
SIsibling
yyounger
Zsister
GNTGood News Translation
KJVKing James Version
*ungrammatical
?pragmatically odd
()additional info in translation
[]constituent / addition from source
{}alternative translations
~reduplication separator
elab.elaborate expression
intr./tr.intransitive/transitive
n./v.noun/verb
⚐ Based on Leipzig Glossing Rules, with additional language-specific markers.
⚐ 1,2,3 = person · ~s,~p,~sx,~px = singular/plural/possessive · see individual pages for full descriptions and examples.
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