Sgaw Karen · Quick reference

Summary tables for personal prefixes, directionals, relator nouns, question words, and more

Personal prefixes

PersonPrefixExample
1st singularjə-jə-lɛ̀ (I go)
2nd singularnə-nə-lɛ̀ (you go)
3rdʔə-ʔə-lɛ̀ (he/she/they go)
1st pluralpə-pə-lɛ̀ (we go)

Core directionals

DirectionalMeaningExample
tʰɔ̂ˀup, out, appearlɛ̀-tʰɔ̂ˀ (go up)
lɔ̀downlɛ̀-lɔ̀ (go down)
nɨ̀ˀinlɛ̀-nɨ̀ˀ (go in)
kèback, againlɛ̀-kè (go back)
kwìˀaway, completelyxê-kwìˀ (run away)
xɔ̀horizontallylɛ̀-xɔ̀ (go across)

Common relator nouns (location)

RelatorMeaningExample
pùinsidelə̄ hîˀ pù (in the house)
kʰlə̄outsidelə̄ hîˀ kʰlə̄ (outside)
pʰɔ̄.kʰôˀabovelə̄ hîˀ pʰɔ̄.kʰôˀ (above)
pʰɔ̄.làˀbelowlə̄ hîˀ pʰɔ̄.làˀ (below)
mɛ̀ˀ.ɲāin frontlə̄ hîˀ mɛ̀ˀ.ɲā (in front)
lɔ̂.kʰībehindlə̄ hîˀ lɔ̂.kʰī (behind)
kəpàbesidelə̄ hîˀ kəpà (beside)

Relator nouns for abstract relations

RelatorMeaningExample
kʰātime (when)pʰɛ̄ nə-lɛ̀ ʔə-kʰā (when you go)
xōreasonjə-xō (because of me)
ɣɔ̂purposelə̄ ʔə-ɣɔ̂ (for him/her)
ɣêtopic, matterlə̄ nə-pʰō ʔə-ɣê (about your child)

Question words

Sgaw KarenEnglish
mə-nɨ̀what?
mə-tə-ɣà / mə-tàwho?
bâˀ mənɨ̀ ʔəxō lɛ̂ˀwhy?
pʰɛ̄.lɛ̂ˀwhere?
dīˀ.lɛ̂ˀhow?
pɣɛ̀how many?

Basic classifiers

ClassifierUsed forExample
ɣàpeoplepɣà tə-ɣà (one person)
dɨ̄animalstʰwîˀ tə-dɨ̄ (one dog)
bêˀflat objectslìˀ tə-bêˀ (one book)
bōlong objectsklɛ̄ tə-bō (one road)
pʰlə̂ˀround objectstʰə̂ˀ tə-pʰlə̂ˀ (one bag)
kʰāabstract, piecestâ tə-kʰā (one thing)

Prefixes summary

PrefixGrammaticalLexical examples
kə-irrealis (will)kəsʰɔ̄ (elephant), kəθîˀ (medicine)
θə-θəkōˀ (friend), θəkwī (banana)
tə-negation, numeral 'one'təkʰɔ̄ˀ (mango), tərūˀ (Chinese)
pə-1st plural (we/our)pəjɔ̀ (Burma), pənâ (buffalo)
mə-temporal, conditionalməhā (yesterday), mənɨ̀ (what?)

Word-building patterns

PatternExampleMeaning
[Kind] + [Thing]tʰī-θəpə̀water jar
tâ + [Verb]tâ-ʔɔ̂ˀfood
pɣà + [VP] + pʰōpɣà-mà-tâ-pʰōworker
[Body] + [Verb]nâ-kêˀdisobedient
[Verb] + [Verb]lɛ̀-tʰɔ̂ˀgo up
[Verb] + kwìˀxê-kwìˀrun away

Common psycho-compounds (heart/liver)

CompoundMeaning
θāˀ-dôˀangry (heart-big)
θāˀ-kʰɨ̄happy (heart-elated)
θāˀ-sâyoung (heart-tender)
θāˀ-pɣâold (heart-mature)
θûˀ-sʰīˀtimid (liver-small)
θûˀ-dôˀbrave (liver-big)

Useful phrases

Sgaw KarenEnglish
jə-θāˀ-kʰɨ̄I'm happy
jə-θāˀ-ʔɨ̄ˀI'm sad
jə-nâ-pə̂I understand
jə-tə-θêˀ.ɲā bâˀI don't know
nə-mì lə̄ mənɨ̀ lɛ̂ˀWhat's your name?
ʔôˀ lə̄ pʰɛ̄.lɛ̂ˀWhere is it?

Numbers 1-10

NumberIndependentWith classifier
1tə̄tə- + CLF
2kʰīkʰī + CLF
3θə̄θə̄ + CLF
4lwîlwî + CLF
5jɛ̂jɛ̂ + CLF
6xɨ̄xɨ̄ + CLF
7nwīnwī + CLF
8xōˀxōˀ + CLF
9kʰwīkʰwī + CLF
10sʰīsʰī + CLF

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Exhaustive function words list for the complete grammatical inventory.