Sgaw Karen Syllable Glossary

bâˀ

must, have to (deontic modal verb)
expresses necessity based on moral obligation, outer circumstances, or subjective attitude
negative final particle
hit, encounter (main verb, non-agentive)
be correct, be right
be cheap
be able to correctly, possess knowledge to do properly
occur, happen (impersonal)
opportunity marker 'get to' (from bâˀ 'hit')
experience marker 'have ever'
patient-promoting marker (agent-demoting, similar to passive)
applicative marker
adds affectee/patient argument
connective in successive constructions (one after another)
contract (disease)
marker of non-volitional events (happen to, inevitably)
intensifier in V-ʔɔ̂ˀ compound 'buy for eating'
be correct, be cheap (descriptive verb)
be able to correctly (verb of possibility)
just, exactly (in temporal expressions)

bâˀ — opportunity marker (hit)

bâˀ·mə·nɨ̀·ʔə·xō·lɛ̂ˀ — why (full interrogative adverbial phrase); why (rhetorical question introducing explanation)

bâˀ·nê — cheaper than

bâˀ·sʰūˀ·bâˀ·sʰā — get sick (elaborate)

bâˀ·tâ·dɨ̄ˀ·ʔôˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·ʔɔ̀·lə̄·pʰɨ̄·tî·θɔ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·pʰī·mɛ̄ˀ·kâˀ·lîˀ — was founded by (with overt agent expressed in oblique lə̄ phrase)

bâˀ·tâ·mà·sʰûˀ·ʔɔ̀·lə̄·pɣà·pòˀ·kʰwâˀ·tə·ɣà — is attacked by a man (agent in oblique phrase)

bâˀ·tâ·mà·θī·ʔɔ̀ — be killed (P-promoting construction)

bâˀ·tâ·sîˀ·ɲɔ̂ˀ·ʔɔ̀ — be punished

bâˀ·tâ·xɨ̄·tʰîˀ·nê·ʔɔ̀·lə̄·pʰɨ̄·mɔ̂·tɔ̂ — were discovered by (agent in oblique phrase)

bâˀ·tâ·θêˀ·ɲā·pɣà — be known (as)

bâˀ·tâ·θôˀ·lō·ʔɔ̀ — be taught

bâˀ·tâ·θū·ʔɔ̀ — be used

bâˀ·tə·sɛ̄ˀ — a bit cheaper

bâˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get better, improve (increasing degree with directional verb)

bâˀ·θûˀ·bâˀ·θāˀ — will, desire (elaborate expression)

bâˀ·dō — hurt

bâˀ·jôˀ — worry, be concerned

bâˀ·jôˀ·lə̄ — worry that (with irrealis kə- in complement)

bâˀ·kɔ̄·bâˀ·kʰɛ̄ — face hardship, be in trouble (elaborate expression)

bâˀ·mə·nɨ̀ — why (content question word)

bâˀ·mə·nɨ̀·ʔə·xō — why (rhetorical question, shorter form)

bâˀ·mə·nɨ̀·ʔə·xō·lɛ̂ˀ — why (rhetorical question)

bâˀ·mə·nɨ̀·ʔə·xō·lɛ̂ˀ·nêˀ — why? (followed by explanation, Vlog)

bâˀ·pʰɨ̄ˀ — might, could happen (apprehensive marker); signals unexpectedness, lack of control, apprehension

bâˀ·sɔ̂ˀ — get wet

bâˀ·sʰâˀ — but, however (contrastive conjunction); although (clause-final concessive marker)

bâˀ·sʰâˀ·dɔ̄ˀ — however (clause-external adverb)

bâˀ·sʰâˀ·θə·nàˀ·kē — although (combined concessive marker)

bâˀ·sʰâˀ·θə·nàˀ·kē — although (combined concessive)

bâˀ·sʰɛ̄ˀ — get stung

bâˀ·tî — get pinched

bâˀ·tə·bâˀ — maybe (epistemic adverb)

bâˀ·tʰwɛ̄ — be connected with, be related to

bâˀ·xāˀ — be concerned with, be related to, be connected with

bâˀ·xāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·ʔə·ɣê·ʔə·klò — about (its) matters (with relator noun ɣê)

bâˀ·ʔə̄ — be dirty, get dirty

bâˀ·θāˀ — want, like (volitional verb); approve of (from bâˀ 'hit' + θāˀ 'heart'); fully lexicalized verb-noun compound that can take an object

bâˀ·θêˀ·θêˀ — maybe (epistemic adverb, used with θē for likelihood)

bâˀ·θē·θē — maybe (epistemic adverb)

bâˀ·θûˀ·bâˀ·θāˀ — like, want (elaborate expression)

bâˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — hit (with coreference marker)

būˀ·kə·bâˀ·lī — it's almost (time) (e.g., five o'clock)

dōˀ·bâˀ — have ever ridden (experiential); get to ride (opportunity)

dōˀ·nê·bâˀ — receive (with opportunity meaning)

hêˀ·bâˀ — give (to)

hɔ̂ˀ·bâˀ — be overcome (with joy) to the point of crying

hɛ̄·kè·bâˀ — get to come back

jɔ̂·bâˀ — step on (physical contact)

jə·bâˀ — I must; I am (seen) (with bâˀ passive-like construction)

jə·bâˀ·θāˀ — I want

jə·kə·bâˀ — I will have to

jə·sīˀ·blɨ̄ˀ·bâˀ — I thank

jə·tə·bâˀ·θûˀ·bâˀ·θāˀ — I am not pleased with you (Malachi 1:10, 1992 translation) (example 563)

jə·tɛ̄·bâˀ — I told (her)

jə·tʰîˀ·bâˀ — I see you, I meet you

jə·ʔôˀ·bâˀ — I stayed

kɔ̄ˀ·pə·θū·bâˀ — begin to weep and wail (unexpectedly)

kə·bâˀ — will have to, must (irrealis)

kə·nê·bâˀ — will get (opportunity)

kə·tò·sʰūˀ·kə·tò·sʰā·bâˀ — hurt verbally (elaborate expression)

kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·bâˀ — become (leaders)

kʰāˀ·bâˀ — shoot (and hit)

lîˀ·bū·bâˀ — have ever lied (combination of both experiential markers)

lôˀ·bâˀ — need (compound verb: lôˀ 'need' + bâˀ 'hit')

lôˀ·bâˀ·lòˀ·θāˀ·kə·dɛ̄·kə·dɛ̄ — need each other (Hill 2023)

lôˀ·bâˀ·wɛ̄ — need (with coreference marker)

lɔ̀·bâˀ — spill down on, fall onto (physical contact/affectedness)

lɔ̀·sɔ̀·bâˀ — start drooling (unexpectedly, of appetite); drip (unexpectedly)

lɔ̀·tɛ̀ˀ·bâˀ — fall (unexpectedly, accidentally) - non-volitional event

lɛ̀·bâˀ — go (and get sucked into something) - inevitability

mà·bâˀ·dō — harm

mà·bâˀ·sɔ̂ˀ — make wet

mà·kə·mâˀ·bâˀ — make a mistake (unexpectedly)

mê·lə̄·kwɛ̄·pʰō·lôˀ·bâˀ·wɛ̄·pʰɔ̄ — because bees need flowers (Vlog)

mê·lə̄·mè·tə·jə̄·bâˀ — because there's not enough rice (HUR, interchangeable with kʰɔ̄.pʰlō.lə̄)

mē·tə·mê·bâˀ — or (with negative particle)

mī·bâˀ — fell asleep

mɨ̀ˀ·bâˀ — be enjoyable for, be pleasing to (applicative use)

nê·bâˀ — get, receive (with opportunity meaning)

nê·bâˀ — get (opportunity)

nì·bâˀ — laugh at (someone)

nə·bâˀ — you must; you are (seen) (with bâˀ passive-like construction)

nə·kə·bâˀ — you will have to (reply fragment)

nə·kə·dōˀ·nê·bâˀ — you will receive/get (opportunity)

nə·mê·bâˀ·lɛ̀·θə·ɣə̂·dɔ̄ˀ·tâ·lɛ̀·kʰɔ̄·pʰlō·kɔ̄·kɔ̄·kʰɛ̄·kʰɛ̄·nāˀ·nāˀ·pʰɣɔ̂ˀ·pʰɣɔ̂ˀ·tʰɛ̄·lɛ̂ˀ·tʰɛ̄·lɛ̂ˀ·bâˀ·sʰâˀ·θə·nàˀ·kē — no matter how many difficult experiences you might have to face (hypothetical concessive, Vlog)

nə·mê·tə·lɛ̀·bâˀ — if you don't go (negative conditional, Ballard 1973a)

nə·mê·tə·θêˀ·ɲā·sʰō·bâˀ·nêˀ — if you hadn't known from before (counterfactual, Vlog)

nə·mê·ʔɔ̂ˀ·bâˀ·pʰɨ̄ˀ·mə·kɔ̀ˀ·dɨ̄ — if you had eaten it just now by any chance (Ballard 1973c, counterfactual)

nə·nì·bâˀ — you laugh at (me)

nə·pʰə̄·nɨ̀ˀ·lə̂·sʰū·tʰə̂ˀ·pù·bâˀ·sʰâˀ·θə·nàˀ·kē — although you put a stone in the bag (LTP.D, concessive without mê)

nə·tâ·sʰō·kə·môˀ·lə̄·ʔə·bâˀ·xāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·tâ·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·θāˀ — your thoughts about that incident

nə·tə·bâˀ — you must not

pə·bâˀ — we must; we are (known) (with bâˀ passive-like construction)

pə·kə·bâˀ — we must

pə·lôˀ·bâˀ·lòˀ — we need each other

pə·mê·kʰɨ̄·māˀ·pə·ʔɔ̂ˀ·bâˀ — only if we work hard, we will get to eat (Karen proverbs)

pə·tə·ʔɔ̄·bâˀ — we will not drink

pə·tʰîˀ·bâˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — we can see, we get to see

pɣà·bâˀ·kɔ̄·bâˀ·kʰɛ̄ — refugee (elaborate expression lacking non-elaborate equivalent)

pɣà·bâˀ·kɔ̄·bâˀ·kʰɛ̄ — person in trouble, refugee

pʰlā·lə̄·tə·tɔ̄·tə·lò·bâˀ — it seemed that (they) weren't honest

pʰɛ̄·jə·ʔôˀ·tə·sʰûˀ·bâˀ·ʔə·kʰā — when I am sick (temporal clause with negated verb)

pʰɨ̄ˀ·bâˀ — be frightened (by something)

sīˀ·bâˀ — said (to him)

sīˀ·blɨ̄ˀ·bâˀ·sə̀ — thank (with help meaning)

tâ·mà·bâˀ·xāˀ·tâ·mà·sə̀·pɣà·bâˀ·kɔ̄·bâˀ·kʰɛ̄ — work concerned with helping people in trouble (Jones 1961)

tâ·ɣê·tâ·klò·lə̄·ʔə·bâˀ·tʰwɛ̄·dɔ̄ˀ·pə·pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄·pʰō — information related to us Karen

tû·bâˀ — suffer, endure

tû·bâˀ·kə·dā·kè — suffer in return, suffer consequences

tə·V·bâˀ — discontinuous negation (double negation) construction

tə·V·lə̀·bâˀ — no longer V (with lə̀)

tə·bâˀ — not be correct, incorrect; cannot correctly, not be able to (verb of possibility); doesn't matter, doesn't happen

tə·bâˀ·dīˀ — cannot yet

tə·bâˀ·ʔā·ʔā — not very well, not very correctly

tə·jìˀ·dīˀ·bâˀ — not long yet

tə·kāˀ·dīˀ·bâˀ — additionally, not only that

tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·dīˀ·lə̄·nə·tɨ̀·wɛ̄·dâˀ·dīˀ·bâˀ — before you have reached your goals yet (Vlog)

tə·tʰîˀ·bū·ʔɔ̀·nɔ̄·tə·blɔ̄·bâˀ — have never seen him (experiential negative with nɔ̄)

tə·wì·dīˀ·bâˀ — haven't finished yet

tə·ɣè·bâˀ·kə·tə̂ — worst (superlative of negative)

tə·θī·lā·tə·ʔɨ̂ˀ·dīˀ·bâˀ — the sun isn't dead; the moon hasn't rotted yet (proverb: there's still time)

tə·bâˀ — preventive/prohibitive marker: must not, don't; also non-necessitive meaning 'not have to' (N.Thailand varieties)

tə·kāˀ·bâˀ — not only

tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·jə·hɛ̄·dīˀ·bâˀ·ʔə·kʰā — before I came here (with optional components omitted)

tɛ̄·bâˀ — tell, say (with implication of informing about something the hearer didn't know)

tɛ̄·bâˀ·ʔɔ̀·lə̄ — tell him that (direct quote complement)

tɛ̄·sʰā·bâˀ — say something hurtful to (mental affectedness)

tɛ̄·tâ·bâˀ·xāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·mə·hā·kə̀ˀ — talking about yesterday (noun omitted)

tʰîˀ·bâˀ — catch sight of (punctual achievement, vs. stative tʰîˀ 'see')

tʰîˀ·bâˀ·lə̄ — see that (discovery, with complement)

xī·là·bâˀ — look beautiful to (someone)

ʔôˀ·bâˀ·kè — get to be, have the opportunity to be

ʔɔ̂ˀ·bâˀ — have ever eaten; happen to eat, accidentally eat

ʔɔ̂ˀ·bâˀ·pʰɨ̄ˀ — happen to eat, eat by chance

ʔɔ̂ˀ·bâˀ·wɛ̄ — they could eat (with coreference marker)

ʔə·bâˀ — it is correct, the right; it was (revealed/done) (with bâˀ in relative clause)

ʔə·bâˀ·ʔə̄ — it is dirty

ʔə·dôˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·bâˀ — grew up

ʔə·krə̄ˀ·ʔə·bâˀ — it is proper, it is correct (elaborate expression)

ʔə·kə·nê·bâˀ — he/she will get (opportunity)

ʔə·lôˀ·bâˀ — he/she needs (from lôˀ.bâˀ 'need')

ʔə·tâ·bâˀ·θûˀ·bâˀ·θāˀ — the will (of the citizens)

ʔə·tʰûˀ·mê·tə·ʔôˀ·ʔā·bâˀ·sʰâˀ — although there were not many plants (Moon rabbit, with mê)

ʔə·ʔôˀ·mū·bâˀ — they get to live

θāˀ·dôˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·bâˀ — be angry at (someone) (applicative)

θêˀ·ɲā·bâˀ — come to know, discover (punctual, vs. θêˀ.ɲā 'know' stative)

θwā·bâˀ — be big for (someone) (perspective - from affectee's viewpoint)

θə·bâˀ·sʰîˀ — sour pickled mustard leaves

bā

worship

kə·bā·kè — will worship (again)

kə·bûˀ·tʰū·bā·jwà — worship God

pɣà·lə̄·ʔə·bā·θɔ̄·kʰā — people who worship monks (Buddhists)

tâ·bā — temple; religion

tâ·bā — church service

tʃō·bā·jwà — church

xē·bā — pray

xē·bā·tʰɨ̄·kə·pʰâˀ·sə̀ — pray for (someone) (with help meaning)

ʔə·bā — he/she worships

bāˀ

baht (Thai currency)

dɛ̄ˀ·bāˀ — sin

jə·tâ·dɛ̄ˀ·bāˀ — my sins (example 831)

bêˀ

skin, rind (of fruit, animal)
classifier for flat two-dimensional objects (papers, leaves, cloth, countries)
classifier for winged animals (birds, bats)
classifier for flat creatures (crabs, frogs, turtles)
take off (clothes, shoes)
unsheathe (knife, sword) [with tʰɔ̂ˀ]
note: only occurs with directional modifiers when used as verb

bêˀ·lɔ̀ — take off (example 777)

bêˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — unsheathe, draw (a knife)

kɔ̂·dɔ̄·tə·bêˀ — throughout the whole country

tâ·pàˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·xôˀ·ʔə·θə·də̄·mɨ̂·tə·bêˀ — a hti (pagoda umbrella) is placed (non-topical patient, no bâˀ)

tə·bêˀ — one (classifier for flat objects)

tə·bêˀ·bêˀ — some/any (flat objects)

ɣà·bêˀ·ɣà·bêˀ — one machete each

ʔôˀ·bêˀ·sʰē — be naked (state resulting from completion of action)

θêˀ·bêˀ — tree bark

bīˀ

squeeze, wring

bīˀ·lɔ̀ — squeeze (into), squeeze down

blâˀ

tâ·blâˀ — thief

blā

recover (first element?)

blā·kè — recover, get well

nə·kə·blā·kè·dâˀ·wɛ̄ — you will recover

blāˀ

hang (v.)

blāˀ·lɔ̀ — hang down, suspend

blāˀ·lɔ̀·ʔə·θāˀ — hang (intr.) (anticausative)

blē

be slippery
be smooth

mà·blē·tʰɔ̂ˀ — smooth, make smooth

tâ·blē — it is slippery

blīˀ

Myeik (place name)

wê·blīˀ — Myeik (city in Myanmar)

blɔ̂ˀ

be blind

mɛ̀ˀ·blɔ̂ˀ — be blind

blɔ̄

time (classifier for instances)
occasion

blɔ̄·blɔ̄ — sometime

mē·wì·blɔ̄ — then, after that (colloquial, lit., once finished)

mē·wì·blɔ̄ — after that, then (lit., COND-finish-time)

nɔ̄·tə·blɔ̄ — never (lit., extent one-time)

tâ·tɛ̄·wɛ̄·dâˀ·tə·blɔ̄·nêˀ — once upon a time (lit., someone told once...) (story opening formula)

tə·blɔ̄ — once, one time

tə·blɔ̄·xɔ̄ — at once, immediately

tə·tʰîˀ·bū·ʔɔ̀·nɔ̄·tə·blɔ̄·bâˀ — have never seen him (experiential negative with nɔ̄)

tə·blɔ̄ — once, one time (temporal particle)

tə·blɔ̄·blɔ̄ — sometimes (example 685)

tə·blɔ̄·tə·kʰɔ̂ˀ — sometimes

ʔə·blɔ̄ — time (in 'many times')

blə̄

immerse

blə̄·tʰī — baptize

blɛ̂ˀ

more than
be left over (with ʔôˀ)

sɔ̀·blɛ̂ˀ — Saw Bleh (male personal name)

tâ·ʔɔ̂ˀ·ʔôˀ·blɛ̂ˀ — left-over food (relative clause without lə̄, lexicalized)

ʔôˀ·blɛ̂ˀ — be left over, remain

blɛ̄

have enough of, be full (from eating)

tə·blɛ̄ — not have enough, not be full

blɨ̄ˀ

benefit
thanks (in tâ.blɨ̄ˀ 'thank you')

jə·sīˀ·blɨ̄ˀ·bâˀ — I thank

pə·sīˀ·blɨ̄ˀ·kè — we thank (you)

sīˀ·blɨ̄ˀ — thank

sīˀ·blɨ̄ˀ·bâˀ·sə̀ — thank (with help meaning)

tâ·blɨ̄ˀ — benefit, thanks

tâ·blɨ̄ˀ·tâ·pʰɣôˀ — benefit (n.)

tə·blɨ̄ˀ — several, quite a few (typically smaller number than ʔā)

bôˀ

wrap

bôˀ·kè — wrap up

tâ·bôˀ — package

tâˀ·bôˀ — package, wrap (noun)

tâˀ·bôˀ·tâ — packing, wrapping (action)

ɣà·bôˀ·ɣà·bôˀ — one each, per person

bō

classifier for long one-dimensional objects (from 'stalk, stem')
sticks, poles, snakes, bridges, roads, rivers, strings, hair
ship, vehicle
spear
be yellow
crop (in compound tâ.tʰûˀ.tâ.bō)
second element of tʰɔ̄.bō 'always'

bɨ̄·bō — paddy stalk

dîˀ·bō — penis

sə̂·bō — pencil

tâ·tʰûˀ·tâ·bō — plant, crop

tə·bō — one (classifier for long objects, rivers, lines)

tə·bō·bō — some (reduplicated classifier)

tə·bō·tə·bō — each one (long object)

tə·kʰwɛ̄·bō — fishing rod

tʰɔ̄·bō — always, forever (post-clausal adverb)

wâˀ·bō — bamboo stem

ʔə·bō — its strand

bōˀ

break (transitive)

bōˀ·kâ — break off

bûˀ

dare to (verb of possibility
occurs only with clausal subjects, mainly in interrogative/negative)
worship (first element of kə-bûˀ-tʰū-bā-jwà)

bûˀ·ɣè — Boo Gay (name)

dōˀ·bûˀ — dare to ride

kə·bûˀ·tʰū·bā·jwà — worship God

tə·bûˀ — do not dare, don't dare, didn't dare

θāˀ·wîˀ·bûˀ — dare to sing

bū

be thin (objects)
experiential marker (borrowed from Burmese -pʰù/bù
not used in N.Thailand)

bū·lɔ̀ — get thinner (objects)

lîˀ·bū·bâˀ — have ever lied (combination of both experiential markers)

tə·tʰîˀ·bū·ʔɔ̀·nɔ̄·tə·blɔ̄·bâˀ — have never seen him (experiential negative with nɔ̄)

tʰîˀ·bū — have seen (experiential)

tʰîˀ·bū·dīˀ — have ever seen (as of yet, implying still possible)

būˀ

be near, be close
be almost, about to

būˀ·kə — about to (imminent future)

būˀ·kə·bâˀ·lī — it's almost (time) (e.g., five o'clock)

būˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get closer

būˀ·dāˀ — Buddha

būˀ·būˀ·lòˀ·θāˀ — be near each other

pɣà·būˀ·dāˀ·pʰō — Buddhist

ʔôˀ·būˀ — be near (location)

ʔə·būˀ·ʔə·lɛ̄ — their salary

bɔ̂ˀ

be fat

bɔ̂ˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get fatter

bɔ̂ˀ·θôˀ — tiger

bɔ̂ˀ·bɔ̂ˀ — fat (reduplicated form; meaning similar to base)

ɲā·bɔ̂ˀ — be young

ɲā·bɔ̂ˀ·kə·tə̂ — youngest

bɔ̄

be yellow
ship, vehicle
spear

bɔ̄·pʰlāˀ — hoe (noun)

bɔ̄·kɔ̄ˀ — Bangkok

kə·bɔ̄ — ship

kə·bɔ̄·jù — airplane

kə·lɔ̀·bɔ̄ — Burmese python

lɔ̀·bɔ̄ — turn yellow

sɔ̀·bɔ̄ — Saw Baw (male name)

tə·bɔ̄ — once (regional variant of təblɔ̄)

ʔə·bɔ̄·mɨ̂ — his kingdom

bə

bə·mɔ̂ˀ — Bhamo (place name)

bə̂ˀ

bə̂ˀ·sə̀ — between (relator noun; physical and abstract space); only occurs as relator noun, not as independent noun

lā·dī·sē·bə̂ˀ — December

lā·nôˀ·wē·bə̂ˀ — November

ʔə·bə̂ˀ·sə̀ — between them

bə̄

be covered, be concealed (only as V2 in compounds)
bake, roast in embers

bə̄·ʔɔ̂ˀ — bake for eating

kāˀ·bə̄ — cover, be covered

pʰɣū·bə̄ — cover by smearing (bə̄ only as V2)

bɛ̄

be tasty (in compound sʰə̄-bɛ̄)

sʰə̄·bɛ̄ — be tasty (verbal coordinate compound)

sʰə̄·māˀ·bɛ̄·māˀ — very tasty (elaborate expression with intensifier māˀ)

tə·bɛ̄ — not tasty, don't like

bɣāˀ

kə·bɣāˀ — be tender, be soft

kʰlɔ̄·kə·bɣāˀ — boil until tender (e.g., meat)

bɣīˀ

be tired (in ʔôˀ.bɣīˀ 'rest')

tâ·bɣīˀ·jə·θāˀ — I am tired

ʔôˀ·bɣīˀ — rest (noun) (exist-tired?)

bɣōˀ

vomit (v.)

lɔ̀·bɣōˀ — be disgusting

bɣɔ̄

repair, fix

bɣɔ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ — repair (up), fix up

bɣɔ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·nê — repair for (me)

bɣɔ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·sə̀ — help repair

bɣɛ̂ˀ

drop (seeds), sprinkle

bɣɛ̂ˀ·lɔ̀·wɛ̄·dâˀ — sprinkled down (with coreference marker)

bɣɛ̄

sə·bɣɛ̄ — table

bɨ̂ˀ

raise (animals), feed
feed (in bɨ̂ˀ-ʔɔ̂ˀ 'raise for food')

bɨ̂ˀ·lɔ̀ — feed (animals); lɔ̀ indicates downward orientation

bɨ̂ˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ — raise (livestock) for food/living

tʰōˀ·lə̄·ʔə·bɨ̂ˀ·wɛ̄ — pigs that he had been raising (with coreference marker wɛ̄ in RC)

ʔə·bɨ̂ˀ·wɛ̄ — he/she raises, he had raised (with coreference marker)

bɨ̄

paddy, unhusked rice
rice plant

bɨ̄·bō — paddy stalk

bɨ̄·hɨ̄ — paddy (coordinate compound; first component provides meaning)

bɨ̄·kʰlī — rice seed

kūˀ·bɨ̄·kūˀ·hɨ̄ — harvest rice (elaborate expression from bɨ̄-hɨ̄)

lə̄·kə·θûˀ·lɔ̀·bɨ̄·ʔə·ɣɔ̂ — for planting upland rice (purposive clause with lə̄ and ɣɔ̂)

sʰɨ̄·bɨ̄·jɔ̂·bɨ̄ — pounding rice (elaborate expression)

co·ffee — coffee (English loanword)

control

control (loanword)

dâˀ

only, exclusively (adverbial modifier)
clitic element with coreference markers (jɛ̄.dâˀ, nɛ̄.dâˀ, wɛ̄.dâˀ)
autonomously, by itself, of one's own accord (subject autonomy marker)
instead (contrastive meaning)
not more than (with scope over quantifier phrases)
increases syntactic valence of intransitive clauses (requires object tâ)

jɛ̄·dâˀ — first person singular coreference with clitic

bâˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — hit (with coreference marker)

bɣɛ̂ˀ·lɔ̀·wɛ̄·dâˀ — sprinkled down (with coreference marker)

dâˀ·lɛ̀ˀ — even (emphatic adverbial particle; scope over preceding constituent)

dâˀ·wɛ̄ — own (adjective)

dâˀ·wɛ̄·nêˀ — topic marker (dâˀ + wɛ̄ + nêˀ?)

dɨ̄ˀ·kè·wɛ̄·dâˀ — kept back, confined (with coreference marker)

jùˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — lifted up, extended upward

jɛ̄·dâˀ — I (first person singular emphatic with clitic); first person singular coreference marker with clitic

kà·wɛ̄·dâˀ — wear (with coreference marker)

kə·ʔôˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — there will be (with coreference marker)

kə·tə̂·wɛ̄·dâˀ — ends (with coreference marker)

kɛ̄·wɛ̄·dâˀ — hesitation marker/filler with dâˀ

lə̄·ʔə·wɛ̄·hɛ̄·pàˀ·pʰlā·tʰɔ̂ˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ·tâ·ɣê — the things that he mentioned (prenominal RC, Hpapun speaker)

lɛ̀·dâˀ — only go

mê·wɛ̄·dâˀ — is (with coreference marker)

nê·dâˀ — can only

nə·kə·blā·kè·dâˀ·wɛ̄ — you will recover

nə·θêˀ·ɲā·wɛ̄·dâˀ — you know (with coreference marker)

nə·θāˀ·dâˀ·nɛ̄ — yourself (emphatic reflexive)

nɛ̄·dâˀ — second person singular coreference marker with clitic; you (second person singular emphatic with dâˀ)

pàˀ·pʰlā·tʰɔ̂ˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — mentioned, brought up (lit., put appear up)

pàˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — (they) put (with coreference marker)

pə·hīˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — we will take (with coreference marker)

pə·mê·wɛ̄·dâˀ — we are (with coreference marker)

pə·tə·ʔɛ̂ˀ·dōˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — we don't want (with coreference marker)

pə·tʰîˀ·bâˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — we can see, we get to see

pə·wɛ̄·dâˀ — we, us (first person plural emphatic with clitic, inclusive)

pɣà·pàˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ·lə̄·ʔə·lɔ̂·dâˀ·wɛ̄ — (things) are put in their own places (agent backgrounding)

pɣè·dâˀ — only buy

sîˀ·pù·wɛ̄·dâˀ — (they) fled (with coreference marker)

sʰā·ʔɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — sold off (with coreference marker)

sʰwī·nɨ̀ˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — stuffed in (with coreference marker)

sʰɛ̄ˀ·klōˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — contacted (with coreference marker)

tâ·tɛ̄·wɛ̄·dâˀ·tə·blɔ̄·nêˀ — once upon a time (lit., someone told once...) (story opening formula)

tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·dīˀ·lə̄·nə·tɨ̀·wɛ̄·dâˀ·dīˀ·bâˀ — before you have reached your goals yet (Vlog)

tə·mê·lə̀·wɛ̄·dâˀ — was no longer (the case)

tə·mê·wɛ̄·dâˀ — was no longer

tɛ̄·sʰə̄·kè·wɛ̄·dâˀ — replied (with coreference marker)

tɛ̄·wɛ̄·dâˀ — (someone) tells, told (with coreference marker)

wɛ̄·dâˀ — third person coreference marker with clitic (colloquial style)

ʔôˀ·dâˀ — only exist

ʔôˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — there are (with coreference marker)

ʔɔ̂ˀ·dâˀ — only eat

ʔə·kʰə̂ˀ·sāˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — it represents (with coreference marker)

ʔə·tə·kʰə̂ˀ·sāˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — it doesn't represent

ʔə·tə·mê·wɛ̄·dâˀ — it is not true (with coreference marker)

ʔə·wɛ̄·dâˀ — third person singular emphatic pronoun with clitic; hesitation marker/filler with dâˀ

θêˀ·ɲā·wɛ̄·dâˀ — (we) know (with coreference marker)

θē·xə̀·kə·sʰɣɔ̄·kwìˀ·dâˀ — wash clean away (example 680)

θɨ̄·wɛ̄·dâˀ — second person plural emphatic pronoun with dâˀ

dā

enemy (second element in dɨ̂ˀ-dā, only in compounds)
duty (second element in mū-dā, only in compounds)

dɨ̂ˀ·dā — enemy (coordinate compound; dā not independent)

hīˀ·mū·hīˀ·dā — take responsibility (elaborate expression from mū-dā)

jə·pʰō·θə·dā — my youngest child

kwâ·kə·dā·kè — look back, review

kə·dā — reversal marker (used with kè for emphasis; not independent)

kə·dā·kè — return (emphatic form of kè)

lɛ̀·tʰɔ̄·dā — go against (the wind)

mū·dā — duty (nominal coordinate compound; dā not independent)

nə·pīˀ·kə·dā·kè — you closed again

nə̀·dɨ̂ˀ·nə̀·dā — conquer the enemy (elaborate expression from dɨ̂ˀ-dā)

pàˀ·kə·dā·kè — put back

pīˀ·kə·dā·kè — close again, close back (event-oriented: V again)

pə·dā — our enemy

pə·dɨ̂ˀ·pə·dā — our enemies (elaborate expression)

pə·kə·kwâ·kə·dā·kè — We'll review (example 811)

pʰō·θə·dā — youngest child

pʰō·mɨ̂ˀ·θə·dā — youngest daughter

tû·bâˀ·kə·dā·kè — suffer in return, suffer consequences

tʰɔ̄·dā — against, opposite direction

ʔə·dɨ̂ˀ·ʔə·dā — their enemies

θə·dā — youngest, last-born

θə·mə·dā — president

dāˀ

būˀ·dāˀ — Buddha

pɣà·būˀ·dāˀ·pʰō — Buddhist

dêˀ

frog

dêˀ·ɦò·nâˀ·ɦò — fish (elaborate expression with ɦò; group/mass reference)

tâ·môˀ·lɨ̂·θāˀ·lə̄·dêˀ — they wanted to raise frogs

dē

branch
younger sibling (in dē.kʰwā 'younger brother', dē-mɨ̂ˀ 'younger sister')

dē·mɨ̂ˀ — little sister

dē·kʰwā — younger brother

nā·dē — nose

ʔə·dē·ʔə·trâ — branches

θêˀ·dē·wâˀ·dē — tree branches

dîˀ

egg

dîˀ·bō — penis

sʰɔ̄·dîˀ — chicken egg

tə̂·θɨ̂ˀ·dîˀ — weaver ant eggs (a delicacy)

ʔə·dîˀ — its eggs

dī

cucumber
classifier (in compound with ɣà, e.g., dī-ɣà 'classifier pair')

dī·ɣà — classifier pair (coordinate compound)

dī·lɛ̂ˀ — how

dī·nêˀ — like that (variant of dīˀ.nêˀ)

dī·θōˀ — so that, in order to (purposive adverbializer); be equal to, be like, resemble; like, as (adverbializer in similative clauses)

dī·θōˀ·ʔɔ̀ — like her/him

dī·θōˀ·ʔə·θɨ̄·tə·θū·klɛ̄ — so that they would not use the road (News article, with təɣè final particle)

kōˀ·dī·kōˀ·ɣà — everyone (elaborate expression with distributive quantifier)

kōˀ·dī·nɔ̄·ɣà — everyone (elaborate expression)

kɔ̄ˀ·dī·nɔ̄·ɣà — everyone (elaborate expression)

lā·dī·sē·bə̂ˀ — December

ʔā·dī·ʔā·ɣà — many people (classifier elaborate expression with quantifier ʔā)

dīˀ

continuative marker 'still, yet' (phasal polarity marker)
comparative correlative verb 'even more'
in dīˀ-V ... dīˀ-V 'the V-er ... the V-er'
be like, resemble (descriptive verb)
as (adverbializer in similative clauses, used with θōˀ)
wing

dīˀ·jìˀ — the longer (it) lasts

dīˀ·jə·mê·pâ·tə·ɣà·ʔə·θōˀ — as a father (Vlog, copula clause instead of NP possessor of θōˀ)

dīˀ·lɛ̂ˀ — how (question word)

dīˀ·nāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — the more severe (it) becomes

dīˀ·nêˀ — like that (adverb)

dīˀ·pə·kwɛ̄ˀ·pə·pʰāˀ·ʔɔ̀·lə̄·mɨ̂·mə·sʰā·tə·nì·ʔì·ʔə·θōˀ — as we read and write them today (Karen nationalism, similative clause modifying NP)

dīˀ·pɣà·kōˀ·ɣà·dɛ̄ˀ·θêˀ·ɲā·ʔə·θōˀ — as everyone knows (News vlog, with ʔə-θōˀ)

dīˀ·pɣà·kɔ̄ˀ·kə·lɨ̀ˀ·dɛ̄ˀ·ʔôˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·ʔə·tâ·ʔɔ̂ˀ·tâˀ·ʔɔ̄·lə̄·ʔə·pà·dôˀ·wɛ̄·ʔə·mī·dôˀ·θâˀ·θɔ̄·ʔə·θōˀ — like every ethnic group has their own food that they respect (Vlog, long similative clause)

dīˀ·ʔā·tʰɔ̂ˀ — the more (it) increases

dīˀ·ʔì·dīˀ·nɨ̀ — like this and like that, something like that

dīˀ·θôˀ — the more (one) instructs

dīˀ·θōˀ — be equal to, be like

dīˀ·lɛ̂ˀ — how (question word)

dīˀ·lɛ̂ˀ·dīˀ·lɛ̂ˀ — no matter how (reduplicated question word)

dīˀ·lɛ̂ˀ·dīˀ·lɛ̂ˀ — how (reduplicated question word)

dīˀ·nêˀ — like that (adverb modifying preceding NP or clause)

dīˀ·ʔì — like this (adverb modifying preceding NP or clause)

dīˀ·θōˀ — be like, resemble, be equal to (common verb); in order to, so that (purposive adverbializer, from dīˀ 'be like' + θōˀ 'SIM'); like, resembling (verb-derived preposition)

dīˀ·θōˀ·kə·lɛ̀·mà·lō·tâ·lə̄·wê·pù — to go study in the city (purposive clause, Karen village)

dīˀ·θōˀ·pɣà·kə·mlə̂·kə·tʰîˀ — so that the audience would see (Vlog, with dīˀ.θōˀ dɔ̄ˀ)

dīˀ·θōˀ·pɣà·kə·ʔɛ̂ˀ·nà — in order for people to love you (Ballard 1973c)

dīˀ·θōˀ·ʔì — like this

dôˀ·nê·dīˀ — greater than

kè·sòˀ·wɛ̄·dīˀ — take back as well (additive meaning of dīˀ, Ballard 1973c)

kə·kwâ·sʰō·kə·môˀ·dīˀ — will still consider it (Ballard 1973b)

kə̂ˀ·nê·dīˀ — lazier than

tə·bâˀ·dīˀ — cannot yet

tə·dīˀ — is not like

tə·dīˀ·θōˀ — are not similar to

tə·dīˀ·θōˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·tʃɔ̂ˀ·tɛ̀ˀ — (don't) speak like (central) Thai (Ballard 1973c)

tə·jìˀ·dīˀ·bâˀ — not long yet

tə·kāˀ·dīˀ·bâˀ — additionally, not only that

tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·dīˀ·lə̄·nə·tɨ̀·wɛ̄·dâˀ·dīˀ·bâˀ — before you have reached your goals yet (Vlog)

tə·nê·dīˀ — not yet able

tə·wì·dīˀ·bâˀ — haven't finished yet

tə·θêˀ·ɲā·dīˀ — don't know yet

tə·θī·lā·tə·ʔɨ̂ˀ·dīˀ·bâˀ — the sun isn't dead; the moon hasn't rotted yet (proverb: there's still time)

tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·dīˀ·lə̄ — before (with continuative dīˀ)

tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·jə·hɛ̄·dīˀ·bâˀ·ʔə·kʰā — before I came here (with optional components omitted)

tʰîˀ·bū·dīˀ — have ever seen (as of yet, implying still possible)

ʔôˀ·dīˀ — still have

ʔôˀ·tê·dīˀ — still remains

ʔə·dīˀ — its wing

θē·dīˀ — can still

θī·dīˀ — be unripe

dôˀ

be big, be great
eldest (in pʰō.mɨ̂ˀ-dôˀ 'eldest daughter')
big (in pàˀ.kɛ̄-dôˀ 'respect'?)

dôˀ·kə·tə̂ — biggest

dôˀ·māˀ — greatly, very

dôˀ·nê — greater than, bigger than (used with clause-modifying verbs in comparisons)

dôˀ·nê·dīˀ — greater than

dôˀ·nê·ʔə·lɔ̂ — bigger than before

dôˀ·tə·sɛ̄ˀ — a little bigger (comparative without explicit standard)

dôˀ·tɨ̀ˀ·kʰôˀ·pɣɛ̀ — be full-grown, mature (elaborate expression)

dôˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get bigger (increased degree with directional tʰɔ̂ˀ)

dôˀ·māˀ — be very big; intensifier meaning 'very, very much, a lot' (with clause-modifying verbs)

dôˀ·tâ — looks, appearance

dôˀ·dôˀ — largish, bigger than ordinary but not the largest (reduplicated form)

dôˀ·dôˀ·mɨ̂·mɨ̂ — large and spacious

jò·dôˀ — Shan people

jə·pʰō·dôˀ — my nephew

kə·dôˀ — bundle (arrangement classifier)

kɛ̄·dôˀ — be well-off, rich (short form)

kɛ̄·dôˀ·kɛ̄·pɣâ — be well-off, rich (elaborate expression)

lìˀ·dôˀ·lɛ̂·tʰɔ̄ — significant literature (elaborate expression from lìˀ-lɛ̂)

lìˀ·ɲôˀ·θôˀ·dôˀ — curriculum

lɨ̂·dôˀ·pɣè·dôˀ — be valuable (elaborate expression from lɨ̂-pɣè)

mī·dôˀ·θâˀ·θɔ̄ — be well-known (elaborate expression)

pàˀ·dôˀ — respect (verb)

pə·pà·dôˀ — we respect

pə·dôˀ — government

pə·dôˀ·pə·pɣâ — our leaders

pʰāˀ·dôˀ — big, large, very big (intensified form of dôˀ); great (as title)

pʰāˀ·dôˀ — be big

pʰō·dôˀ — nephew (lit., child-big?)

pʰō·dôˀ·mɨ̂ˀ — niece (child-big-F?)

pʰɔ̂ˀ·kwâ·mê·ʔə·kô·wɛ̄·dôˀ·tʰɛ̄·lɛ̂ˀ — touch to see how hot it is (with mê in interrogative complement)

rē·dôˀ — be important

rē·dôˀ·kə·tə̂ — most important, extremely important

sʰə̄·dôˀ — chapter

tə·dôˀ·tə·sʰīˀ — be medium-sized (cumulative type elaborate expression with negation)

tə·sɨ̄·mɨ̂·dôˀ — one inch

xē·jə·kʰwɛ̄ˀ·lə̄·θɨ̄ˀ·kʰôˀ·pʰāˀ·dôˀ·kə·plɛ̄·jà·lə̄·jə·kə·kè·mà·tâ — ask permission from officer to permit me to return and work (Jones 1961, with lə̄ complement)

ʔə·dôˀ — the big one

ʔə·dôˀ·kə·tə̂ — biggest

ʔə·dôˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·bâˀ — grew up

ʔə·mì·dôˀ — famous (lit., its big name)

ʔə·mī·dôˀ·θâˀ·θɔ̄ — it is well-known

ʔə·pà·dôˀ·wɛ̄ — they respect (with coreference marker)

ʔə·pʰō·dôˀ — his nephew

ʔə·pʰō·mɨ̂ˀ·dôˀ — their eldest daughter

ʔə·rē·dôˀ — it is important, important (thing/person)

θāˀ·dôˀ — be angry

θāˀ·dôˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·bâˀ — be angry at (someone) (applicative)

θɔ̄·kʰā·pʰāˀ·dôˀ — abbot

θə·râˀ·dôˀ — reverend

θɨ̄ˀ·kʰôˀ·dôˀ — senior officer

dō

beat, strike, hit
pattern, design (in compounds)

bâˀ·dō — hurt

dō·nê — take (a picture), strike for someone

dō·kə·nâˀ — listen, obey

jə·dō·kə·nâˀ — I listen, I obey

lɔ̀·dō — starve, be hungry

lɔ̀·dō·θī — starve to death (example 766)

mà·bâˀ·dō — harm

mɨ̂ˀ·ɣɛ̀·dō — actress

pɣà·dō·tâ·ɣɔ̀·pʰō — photographer

tâ·ʔə·kê·ʔə·ɣɔ̀·dō — mould (for casting)

ɣɛ̀·dō — act (v.) (in 'actress')

ʔə·dō — its pattern, its design

dōˀ

ride (bicycle, vehicle)
get, receive (in compounds dōˀ.nê, dōˀ-bâˀ)
submit (self to V) (causative verb dōˀ-)
young leaf (in compound tâ-dōˀ)

dōˀ — causative verb (submit self to)

dōˀ·bâˀ — have ever ridden (experiential); get to ride (opportunity)

dōˀ·bûˀ — dare to ride

dōˀ·nê — receive

dōˀ·pjāˀ — get healthcare, submit to examination

dōˀ·pjāˀ·θāˀ — get healthcare, submit to examination

dōˀ·pʰɔ̂ˀ — turn (himself) in, let (himself) be caught

dōˀ·pʰɔ̂ˀ·ʔə·θāˀ — turn oneself in, let oneself be arrested

dōˀ·tʰîˀ·jə·θāˀ — let myself be seen (Gilmore 1898)

dōˀ·xɨ̄·tʰə̄ — run in an election, let oneself be elected

dōˀ·xɨ̄·tʰə̄·ʔə·θāˀ — run in an election, let oneself be elected

dōˀ·ʔêˀ — let (himself) be bitten/eaten

dōˀ·ʔêˀ·ʔə·θāˀ·lə̄·kʰē — give oneself to be eaten by a tiger (Wade 1897)

dōˀ·nê — receive, get

dōˀ·nê·bâˀ — receive (with opportunity meaning)

dōˀ·θə·nè — lean, depend

dōˀ·θə·nè·tʰɔ̂ˀ — depend on

jə·dōˀ·tʰîˀ — I let myself be seen

jə·tə·ʔɛ̂ˀ·dōˀ — I don't want

jə·ʔɛ̂ˀ·dōˀ — I want

nə·kə·dōˀ·nê·bâˀ — you will receive/get (opportunity)

nə·mê·ʔɛ̂ˀ·dōˀ·lɛ̀·dɔ̄ˀ·jà — if you want to go with me (LTP, conditional clause)

nə·ʔɛ̂ˀ·dōˀ — you want

pə·tə·ʔɛ̂ˀ·dōˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — we don't want (with coreference marker)

pə·ʔɛ̂ˀ·dōˀ — we want

tâ·dōˀ·tâ·lâˀ — leaf vegetables (parts of whole type coordinate compound)

tâ·dōˀ·tâ·lâˀ — leaf vegetables, greens

ʔə·dōˀ·nê·wɛ̄ — they receive (with coreference marker)

ʔɛ̂ˀ·dōˀ — want (volitional modal verb; from ʔɛ̂ˀ 'love, like' + dōˀ 'receive')

ʔɛ̂ˀ·dōˀ·lə̄ — want that (different-subject complement)

dûˀ

clan, tribe, family
classifier for families and herds (e.g., klɔ̂ tə-dûˀ 'a herd of cows')

dûˀ·tʰə̄ — family

dɔ̄·dûˀ — a lot (whole-clan?)

kə·lɨ̀ˀ·dûˀ — tribe

tə·dûˀ — one tribe

ʔə·dûˀ·ʔə·tʰə̄ — their tribes and clans

dū

dū·lə̂ — Doo Ler (place name)

dū·θə·wɔ̄ — village (in 'another village', 895)

dwɛ̂ˀ

ignite, set fire to

dwɛ̂ˀ·ʔū·ʔɔ̂ˀ — burn down completely

dɔ̂

dɔ̂·lâ — dollar

dɔ̄

whole, entire (quantifier
often with intensifier ɲā)
collective particle before kinship compounds: indicates completeness, 'all of', or 'pair of'
knife
relational prefix for kinship terms

dɔ̄·kə·lɨ̀ˀ — whole ethnic group

dɔ̄·mô·pʰā — male-female pairs (Wade 1897's term for coordinate compounds)

dɔ̄·mō·wà — married couple, pair of wife and husband (with dɔ̄ collective)

dɔ̄·pɨ̂·dɔ̄·wɛ̂ — brothers and sisters, siblings

dɔ̄·pʰō·pâ — pair of father and child (with dɔ̄ collective)

dɔ̄·pʰɨ̄·lì — grandfather and grandchild

dɔ̄·tì — friend (first element of elaborate expression)

dɔ̄·tì·dɔ̄·θə·kōˀ — friends, companions (elaborate expression)

dɔ̄·θə·kōˀ — friend (second element of elaborate expression)

dɔ̄·dûˀ — a lot (whole-clan?)

dɔ̄·mō·wà — couple (husband and wife)

dɔ̄·pɨ̂·wɛ̂ — siblings (collective + younger sibling + older sibling)

dɔ̄·θə·də̄ — protection

dɔ̄·θə·kōˀ — be friends (with RLN prefix?)

jə·dɔ̄·pɨ̂·wɛ̂ — my siblings (as a group)

jə·dɔ̄·pɨ̂·wɛ̂·kʰwā — my brother

kɔ̂·dɔ̄·tə·bêˀ — throughout the whole country

kə·sɔ̄·dɔ̄ — indeed, truly, properly (partially reduplicated adverb)

kə·θîˀ·dɔ̄·θə·də̄ — vaccine, vaccination; protection

nə·dɔ̄·pɨ̂·wɛ̂·kʰwā — your brother

pə·dɔ̄·pɨ̂·wɛ̂ — our siblings

pə·lɔ̂·pə·dɔ̄ — beware

pɣà·dɔ̄·mō·wà — couple, married couple

tâ·pə·lɔ̂·pə·dɔ̄·θāˀ — caution, carefulness

tâ·sʰɛ̄ˀ·kə·θîˀ·dɔ̄·θə·də̄ — vaccination

tə·dɔ̄·sō — ridgepole (top of roof)

dɔ̄ˀ

and (coordinative conjunction)
with (comitative and instrumental preposition)
again (verbal modifier
variant of kədɔ̄ˀ)
frame-setting particle after clauses (especially after wì 'finish')

bâˀ·sʰâˀ·dɔ̄ˀ — however (clause-external adverb)

bâˀ·xāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·ʔə·ɣê·ʔə·klò — about (its) matters (with relator noun ɣê)

dɨ̄ˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ·kə·dɔ̄ˀ — feed again

hɛ̄·ʔôˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·nà·nê·θə̄·nì·lī — have been with you for three days (persistent situation, Ballard 1973b)

jə·ʔɛ̂ˀ·dɔ̄ˀ — I want

kə·dɔ̄ˀ — again (verb; possibly from kè 'return' + dɔ̄ˀ 'again')

mə̄·pə·lɛ̀·tʰîˀ·lòˀ·θāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·ʔə·wɛ̄·θêˀ — order us to meet with them (News interview)

nə·mê·ʔɛ̂ˀ·dōˀ·lɛ̀·dɔ̄ˀ·jà — if you want to go with me (LTP, conditional clause)

nə·tâ·sʰō·kə·môˀ·lə̄·ʔə·bâˀ·xāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·tâ·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·θāˀ — your thoughts about that incident

nə·tə·mà·kə·dɔ̄ˀ·lə̀ — you won't do again

pə̄·kə·dɔ̄ˀ — rule again

tâ·ɣê·tâ·klò·lə̄·ʔə·bâˀ·tʰwɛ̄·dɔ̄ˀ·pə·pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄·pʰō — information related to us Karen

tə·dīˀ·θōˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·tʃɔ̂ˀ·tɛ̀ˀ — (don't) speak like (central) Thai (Ballard 1973c)

tɛ̄·tâ·bâˀ·xāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·mə·hā·kə̀ˀ — talking about yesterday (noun omitted)

tɨ̀·xɔ̀·kə·dɔ̄ˀ — arrive again, then (example 788)

tɨ̀·lə̄·nə·θāˀ·mī·māˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·nə·kə·hāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — only when you're satisfied you will leave (Karen sermon)

tʰîˀ·lòˀ·θāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ — meet (someone) (with dɔ̄ˀ for singular subject)

xɨ̀ˀ·dɔ̄ˀ — along with, together with (verb-derived preposition; from comitative modifier xɨ̀ˀ + dɔ̄ˀ)

ʔôˀ·dɔ̄ˀ — have (exist with)

ʔôˀ·dɔ̄ˀ — have

θêˀ·ɲā·lòˀ·nə·θāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·pɣà·tə·ɣà — you and that person know each other (with dɔ̄ˀ for singular subject)

də̂ˀ

draw (water), scoop

mə̄·nə·lɛ̀·də̂ˀ·tʰī — ask you to go and draw water (Ballard 1973b)

də̄

dɔ̄·θə·də̄ — protection

jə·tô·də̄ — my wallet

kə·θîˀ·dɔ̄·θə·də̄ — vaccine, vaccination; protection

nə·tô·də̄ — your wallet

tâ·pàˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·xôˀ·ʔə·θə·də̄·mɨ̂·tə·bêˀ — a hti (pagoda umbrella) is placed (non-topical patient, no bâˀ)

tâ·sʰɛ̄ˀ·kə·θîˀ·dɔ̄·θə·də̄ — vaccination

tâ·də̄ — box

tô·də̄ — wallet

ʔə·θə·də̄·mɨ̂ — its umbrella (hti, top ornament of pagoda)

θə·də̄ — umbrella

θə·də̄·mɨ̂ — umbrella

θə·də̄·mɨ̂ — umbrella (sun shade)

də̄ˀ

room, house (Northern Thailand variety)

jə·lɛ̀·ʔôˀ·də̄ˀ — the house I have moved to (prenominal RC, Ballard 1973b)

nə·də̄ˀ — your room

dɛ̄

hut, small house

dɛ̄·kə·wɔ̀ — refugee camp area

dɛ̄·pù — inside the hut

kə·dɛ̄·kə·dɛ̄ — mutually (reduplicated reciprocal adverb)

lôˀ·bâˀ·lòˀ·θāˀ·kə·dɛ̄·kə·dɛ̄ — need each other (Hill 2023)

pə·dɛ̄ — rabbit, hare

pə·dɛ̄·pʰō — little rabbit

dɛ̄ˀ

each (intensifier
nearly always with quantifier kōˀ 'each')
pick, gather (verb in hāˀ-dɛ̄ˀ 'forage')

dīˀ·pɣà·kōˀ·ɣà·dɛ̄ˀ·θêˀ·ɲā·ʔə·θōˀ — as everyone knows (News vlog, with ʔə-θōˀ)

dɛ̄ˀ·bāˀ — sin

hāˀ·dɛ̄ˀ — go picking, forage

jə·tâ·dɛ̄ˀ·bāˀ — my sins (example 831)

kōˀ·nɔ̂·ɣà·dɛ̄ˀ — everyone

kɔ̄ˀ·kə·lɨ̀ˀ·dɛ̄ˀ — every kind (each ethnic group)

kɔ̄ˀ·nîˀ·dɛ̄ˀ — every year

kɔ̄ˀ·nîˀ·dɛ̄ˀ — every year (each-year-INTS)

kɔ̄ˀ·ɣà·dɛ̄ˀ — everyone (each-CLF-INTS)

pɣà·tɔ̂·ʔɔ̀·kɔ̄ˀ·mɨ̂·nì·dɛ̄ˀ — he was beaten every day (agent backgrounding with pɣà, colloquial)

tâ·tɔ̂·ʔɔ̀·kɔ̄ˀ·mɨ̂·nì·dɛ̄ˀ — he was beaten every day (agent backgrounding with tâ, written)

dɨ̂ˀ

enemy (first element)

dɨ̂ˀ·dā — enemy (coordinate compound; dā not independent)

nə̀·dɨ̂ˀ·nə̀·dā — conquer the enemy (elaborate expression from dɨ̂ˀ-dā)

pə·dɨ̂ˀ·pə·dā — our enemies (elaborate expression)

ʔə·dɨ̂ˀ·ʔə·dā — their enemies

dɨ̄

classifier for animals, animate non-human referents
also demons, dolls, Buddha images, Karen drums, baskets
topic marker (colloquial frame-setting particle, equivalent to nêˀ)

dɨ̄·nêˀ — topic marker (dɨ̄ + nêˀ?)

hɛ̄·mê·sʰō·dɨ̄ — if you come early (Vlog, with frame-setting dɨ̄)

kə·dɨ̄ — shade

kə·sɨ̄·dɨ̄ — quietly (partially reduplicated adverb)

kə·sɨ̄·dɨ̄·pʰō — quietly

nɔ̄·tə·dɨ̄ — none

nə·mê·ʔɔ̂ˀ·bâˀ·pʰɨ̄ˀ·mə·kɔ̀ˀ·dɨ̄ — if you had eaten it just now by any chance (Ballard 1973c, counterfactual)

tâ·kə·dɨ̄·làˀ — shade, shaded area

tâ·kə·dɨ̄ — shade

tâ·kə·dɨ̄·làˀ — shade, shaded area

tə·dɨ̄ — one (classifier for animals, animate non-human referents)

ɦɔ̄·dɨ̄·nêˀ — topic marker

dɨ̄ˀ

causative verb 'get (s.o.) to, cause, let' (indirect causation)
confine, keep, fight (as main verb)

dɨ̄ˀ — causative verb (get s.o. to)

dɨ̄ˀ·hêˀ — make (someone) give, order to give

dɨ̄ˀ·kè — get (someone) to go home; let (someone) go home

dɨ̄ˀ·kè·wɛ̄·dâˀ — kept back, confined (with coreference marker)

dɨ̄ˀ·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kè·wɛ̄ — recreated (with coreference marker)

dɨ̄ˀ·lɛ̀ — let go, try to make go

dɨ̄ˀ·mà — make (someone) do, cause to work

dɨ̄ˀ·nàˀ — make (someone) believe (indirect, causee controls action)

dɨ̄ˀ·nê — fight for (someone)

dɨ̄ˀ·tɛ̄ — let speak, allow to say

dɨ̄ˀ·ʔā·tʰɔ̂ˀ — increase indirectly, provide more (of opportunities)

dɨ̄ˀ·ʔôˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — found, establish (cause to exist up)

dɨ̄ˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ — feed, cause to eat

dɨ̄ˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ·kə·dɔ̄ˀ — feed again

dɨ̄ˀ·θêˀ·ɲā — let know, inform

dɨ̄ˀ·θêˀ·ɲā·kè — let know, inform

dɨ̄ˀ·θī — let die, cause to die indirectly (e.g., not rescuing)

dɨ̄ˀ·θûˀ·pô·θāˀ·wāˀ — make excited, cause excitement

dɨ̄ˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ — feed, cause to eat

dɨ̄ˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ·kə·lɔ̄ — give food for free (example 685)

hêˀ·dɨ̄ˀ·mà — make (someone) work (by giving orders)

jə·dɨ̄ˀ·lɛ̀ — I tried to let (him) go

jə·dɨ̄ˀ·nàˀ — I made him believe

jə·dɨ̄ˀ·θī — I killed (the insect) (indirect)

jə·pɣè·dɨ̄ˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ — I'll buy you dinner (buy-cause-eat)

kə·dɨ̄ˀ·kū·kà·tʰɔ̂ˀ — dress up

nə·dɨ̄ˀ·hêˀ — you ordered (me) to give

pɣè·dɨ̄ˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ — buy to feed (someone) (purpose + cause-effect)

pɣè·dɨ̄ˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ — buy to feed (someone) (embedded causative)

tâ·dɨ̄ˀ — fight (n.)

tâ·dɨ̄ˀ·sɛ̄ˀ·prɛ̄ˀ — skirmish, conflict (example 716)

tâ·dɨ̄ˀ·tâ·jà — war

tə·dɨ̄ˀ·tɛ̄ — were not allowed to speak

tə·dɨ̄ˀ·ʔôˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — does not cause

ʔə·dɨ̄ˀ·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·sê·kɔ̄ˀ — also causes

ʔə·dɨ̄ˀ·θûˀ·pô·θāˀ·wāˀ — it makes (you) excited

ʔə·hêˀ·dɨ̄ˀ·mà — he made (the elephant) work

êˀ

êˀ·êˀ·kə·lɛ̀ˀ — very sharp

ffee

co·ffee — coffee (English loanword)

game

game (loanword) (example 739)

gle

nə·sin·gle — are you single? (English loan, mixed code)

hâˀ

sɔ̀·jò·hâˀ — John (personal name)

hā

evening

hā·nê — get dark on (someone) (malefactive)

hā·mâ — be lost, disappear

kʰɛ̄·mə·hā — this evening (example 740)

mə·hā — yesterday

mə·hā·kə̀ˀ — yesterday

mə·hā·tə·nîˀ — last year

mə·hā — yesterday; continuative marker

mə·hā·kə̀ˀ — yesterday

tɛ̄·tâ·bâˀ·xāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·mə·hā·kə̀ˀ — talking about yesterday (noun omitted)

hāˀ

walk, go out, move around
concurrent action verb: in hāˀ V construction expresses 'move around V-ing'
prior motion verb: 'go out and/to'

hāˀ·dɛ̄ˀ — go picking, forage

hāˀ·jù·wè·wɔ̀·wɛ̄ — were flying around (example 783)

hāˀ·kwìˀ — go away

hāˀ·lòˀ·kwɛ̄ — take a stroll

hāˀ·lō — learn to walk

hāˀ·lù — hunt, chase after

hāˀ·lù·pʰɔ̂ˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ — hunt for (example 547)

hāˀ·pʰīˀ·hāˀ·mà — go away to work (elaborate expression with prior motion verb hāˀ)

hāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — go out

hāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·hāˀ·lɔ̀ — travel around (elaborate expression)

hāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — go away

hāˀ·xìˀ — go away (with xìˀ variant of kwìˀ)

hāˀ·ʔôˀ — visit (go to see)

hāˀ·sʰɣɛ̄ˀ — avoid

hāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — leave, depart; go out (prior motion verb compound)

hāˀ·ɣɔ̀ — break down, be destroyed

hāˀ·ʔôˀ — visit (v.)

hāˀ·ʔôˀ·kɔ̄ˀ — visit (together)

jə·hāˀ·lòˀ·kwɛ̄ — I hang out, I stroll

jə·hāˀ·xɨ̄ — I go looking for, I search

jə·kə·lɛ̀·hāˀ — I will travel

lɔ̀·hāˀ — be tempting to visit (of a place)

lɛ̀·hāˀ·kʰāˀ·θə·kōˀ — go hunting together (prior motion + concurrent action + compound)

mə̄·ʔə·pʰō·pʰɨ̄ˀ·kə·nɛ̄·hāˀ — have the son smoke away the bees (Ratanakul 1981)

nə·kə·hāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — you will go away

pə·hāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — we will leave

tâ·xê·mɣī·hāˀ·pʰlōˀ — fleeing

tə·hāˀ·ɣɔ̀ — won't break, won't be destroyed

tɨ̀·lə̄·nə·θāˀ·mī·māˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·nə·kə·hāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — only when you're satisfied you will leave (Karen sermon)

tʃɔ̄ˀ·hāˀ — Jorhat (place name)

xê·mɣī·hāˀ·pʰlōˀ — flee (run-randomly-walk-spurt)

ʔə·tə·hāˀ·ɣɔ̀ — it won't break

hêˀ

give

dɨ̄ˀ·hêˀ — make (someone) give, order to give

hêˀ·bâˀ — give (to)

hêˀ·dɨ̄ˀ·mà — make (someone) work (by giving orders)

hêˀ·kè — return, give back

hêˀ·kə·lɔ̄ — give for free

hêˀ·lô — lend (example 670)

hêˀ·lɔ̀ — give to (recipient is lower in social standing or physically lower)

hêˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — give to (recipient of higher status or abstract entity)

hêˀ·ʔā·tʰɔ̂ˀ — give more

hêˀ·ʔɔ̄ — give to drink (example 671)

jə·kə·hêˀ — I will give

nɔ̀·hêˀ·lòˀ — divide among yourselves

nɔ̀·hêˀ·lòˀ·θāˀ — divide among each other (Ballard 1973c)

nə·dɨ̄ˀ·hêˀ — you ordered (me) to give

nə·tə·hêˀ — you don't give

tâ·hêˀ — gift

tâ·hêˀ·kûˀ — advice

ʔə·hêˀ·dɨ̄ˀ·mà — he made (the elephant) work

hē

hate

jə·tə·θāˀ·hē·jɛ̄ — I do not hate

mê·hē — cancer

tə·θāˀ·hē — not hate

θāˀ·hē — hate (transitive compound; hē not independent)

hîˀ

house, home

hîˀ·pù — home, house

hîˀ·xɔ̄ — house, household (coordinate compound; first component provides meaning)

hîˀ·θɔ̄·xɔ̄·θɔ̄ — new house (elaborate expression from hîˀ-xɔ̄)

hîˀ·pʰō·xɔ̄·pʰō — family

jə·hîˀ — my house

lə̄·hîˀ·lə̄·xɔ̄ — household, domestic matters

nə·hîˀ — your house/village

nə·hîˀ·pʰō·xɔ̄·pʰō — your family (elaborate expression)

sʰɔ̄·hîˀ·sʰɔ̄·xɔ̄ — establish a family (elaborate expression from hîˀ-xɔ̄)

tâ·lɛ̀·sʰɣə̄·ʔə·wɛ̄·θêˀ·lə̄·tâ·sʰā·hîˀ — they have been taken to a hospital (agent backgrounding in news)

tâ·sʰā·hîˀ — hospital

ʔə·hîˀ — his house, his village

hīˀ

grab, take

hīˀ·kè — take back, get back

hīˀ·mū·hīˀ·dā — take responsibility (elaborate expression from mū-dā)

hīˀ·nê·kwìˀ — took away (grabbed and got away with)

hīˀ·sɨ̄·nɛ̂ˀ·klɛ̄ — guide (verb) (A-B-C-D structure elaborate expression)

hīˀ·sʰûˀ — confiscate

hīˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — take up

hīˀ·nê — take (concurrent action verb 'take and/to')

mə·mɛ̀ˀ·hīˀ — if drunk (with conditional prefix mə-)

mɛ̀ˀ·hīˀ — be drunk, be intoxicated

pə·hīˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — we will take (with coreference marker)

hō

plural marker (variant)
last year (in compound)

mə·hō — last year

mə·hō·kə̀ˀ — last year

pʰō·θâˀ·hō — children (example 758)

hū

be heard (in nâ.hū 'hear')

jə·tə·nâ·hū — I can't hear

nâ·hū — hear

nâ·hū·kōˀ·ʔɔ̀ — hear (someone) calling him (bare complement with bound pronoun)

nâˀ·hū — hear (co-occurs with θɔ̂ˀ 'sound')

hɔ̂ˀ

cry, weep
earth, ground (in compounds)

hɔ̂ˀ·bâˀ — be overcome (with joy) to the point of crying

hɔ̂ˀ·jə̀ — cry (coordinate compound; jə̀ not independent)

hɔ̂ˀ·lɔ̀ — cry over (someone/something); lɔ̀ indicates downward orientation toward deceased

hɔ̂ˀ·lɔ̀·jə̀·lɔ̀·wɛ̄ — crying over (example 789)

hɔ̂ˀ·nê — cry on/for (someone) (malefactive)

hɔ̂ˀ·kə·wɔ̀ — region

hɔ̂ˀ·kʰôˀ — ground, earth, soil, world

hɔ̂ˀ·kʰôˀ·pʰlə̂ˀ — earth, ground

hɔ̂ˀ·kʰôˀ·kʰlə̄ — Earth, world (elaborate form)

jə·hɔ̂ˀ·kʰôˀ — my ground

pɣà·hɔ̂ˀ·kʰôˀ·pʰō — people of the earth

tâ·hɔ̂ˀ — crying (nominalized verb)

tʰwîˀ·hɔ̂ˀ·kʰôˀ — fox (lit., dog-earth?)

hɔ̄

be salty

hɔ̄·kɛ̂ˀ·sʰōˀ — too salty

hə̄

steam (v.)

hə̄·ʔə̄ — no

ɲâˀ·hə̄ — steamed fish

hə̄ˀ

hə̄ˀ·ʔə̄ — no (negative interjection)

hɛ̄

come
be spicy

hɛ̄·kè — come back

hɛ̄·kè·bâˀ — get to come back

hɛ̄·mê·sʰō·dɨ̄ — if you come early (Vlog, with frame-setting dɨ̄)

hɛ̄·nɨ̀ˀ·lɔ̀ — come into, enter

hɛ̄·pòˀ — come along with, follow (example 666)

hɛ̄·pɔ̀ˀ — come along, follow

hɛ̄·sòˀ — bring (example 780)

hɛ̄·sòˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — bring up/out

hɛ̄·tɨ̀ — arrive

hɛ̄·xê — come running (example 621)

hɛ̄·xê·tʰɔ̂ˀ — come running up (example 623)

hɛ̄·xê·xɔ̀ — come running horizontally

hɛ̄·ʔôˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·nà·nê·θə̄·nì·lī — have been with you for three days (persistent situation, Ballard 1973b)

hɛ̄·ʔə·θāˀ — happen, turn out (with intransitive verb)

hɛ̄·kè — come back, return

hɛ̄·sòˀ — bring (come-carry)

jə·hɛ̄ — I come

jə·hɛ̄·sòˀ·nê — I bring for (her)

jə·kə·hɛ̄ — I will come

jə·ʔôˀ·hɛ̄ — I come from

klɛ̄·lə̄·pə·hɛ̄ — the road on which we came (oblique relativization)

kə·hɛ̄ — will come, would come

kə·lì·hɛ̄ — it is windy

lə̄·ʔə·wɛ̄·hɛ̄·pàˀ·pʰlā·tʰɔ̂ˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ·tâ·ɣê — the things that he mentioned (prenominal RC, Hpapun speaker)

mə·hɛ̄ — if (you) come

nə·hɛ̄·tɨ̀ — you arrived

pə·hɛ̄ — we came

tâ·hɛ̄ — spicy food

tâ·hɛ̄ — spicy things

tə·hɛ̄ — isn't coming

tə·hɛ̄·kè·pə̂·tʰɔ̂ˀ — had not come back out

tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·jə·hɛ̄·dīˀ·bâˀ·ʔə·kʰā — before I came here (with optional components omitted)

hɨ̂ˀ

steal

hɨ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — steal away, steal and remove

tâ·nɨ̀ˀ·lɔ̀·hɨ̂ˀ·tâ — burglary

hɨ̃

uhm (nasalized hesitation marker)

hɨ̄

brood (eggs)
husked rice (in compound bɨ̄-hɨ̄ 'paddy')

bɨ̄·hɨ̄ — paddy (coordinate compound; first component provides meaning)

kūˀ·bɨ̄·kūˀ·hɨ̄ — harvest rice (elaborate expression from bɨ̄-hɨ̄)

pʰōˀ·hɨ̄ — embrace, hug

hɨ̄ˀ

hɨ̄ˀ·ʔɨ̄ — no (variant)

jà

me, I (first person singular unbound pronoun
object/topic form)
hundred (root in kəjà 'hundred')

kə·jà — hundred

lə̄·nə·pàˀ·tê·jà·ʔə·xō — because you left me (causal clause with lə̄ and xō)

nə·mê·ʔɛ̂ˀ·dōˀ·lɛ̀·dɔ̄ˀ·jà — if you want to go with me (LTP, conditional clause)

sɔ̀·jà·kòˀ — James (personal name)

tâ·dɨ̄ˀ·tâ·jà — war

jàˀ

get torn
opportunity (second element in tâ.kʰwɛ̄ˀ.tâ.jàˀ 'right')

pə·tâ·kʰwɛ̄ˀ·tâ·jàˀ — our right

ʔə·kʰwɛ̄ˀ·jàˀ — its opportunity, opportunities

jâ

both (occurs in jâ kʰɔ̄ 'both sides', jâ-pà-jâ-pà 'bilaterally')

jâ·kʰɔ̄·jâ·kʰɔ̄ — both sides, bilaterally

jâ·pà·jâ·pà — both sides

nɔ̂ˀ·tə·jâ — flag

jā

interrogative particle (Kayin-Tak variety, expressing surprise)

jāˀ

tə·jāˀ — estimate

jì

be far

jì·lòˀ — distant from each other

jì·tʰɔ̂ˀ — go further away, drift away

jì·jì — very far

sʰīˀ·jì·lɛ̂ˀ — how far

tə·jì — not far

tə·jì·ʔā·ʔā — not very far

ʔôˀ·jì — be far away

jìˀ

last long, last a long time (of time)
functions like English 'for' with time expressions

dīˀ·jìˀ — the longer (it) lasts

jìˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get longer (time), last longer

jìˀ·wɛ̄ — last, for (duration)

kə·jìˀ — will take (time); approximately (of time; with kə- for estimation)

kə·jìˀ·wɛ̄ — lasted (approximately)

pʰāˀ·jìˀ — very long (time duration)

sʰīˀ·jìˀ — how long, when

tə·jìˀ — not long (of life)

tə·jìˀ·dīˀ·bâˀ — not long yet

jò

Tai, Northern Thai person (in place names like jò.kɔ̂ 'Thailand')

jò·dôˀ — Shan people

jò·kɔ̂ — Thailand

sɔ̀·jò·hâˀ — John (personal name)

jòˀ

be deep

pʰāˀ·jòˀ — very deep

xē·jòˀ·nê — ask to get to carry for someone (complex embedding)

jôˀ

worry (second element)

bâˀ·jôˀ — worry, be concerned

bâˀ·jôˀ·lə̄ — worry that (with irrealis kə- in complement)

sī·jôˀ — Zion

jō

be simple, plain

jō·jō·pʰō — very simple, plain (reduplicated with diminutive marker)

jōˀ

carry on shoulders (with neckyoke)

jù

fly (verb)

hāˀ·jù·wè·wɔ̀·wɛ̄ — were flying around (example 783)

jù·kè — fly back

jù·kwìˀ — fly away

jù·lɔ̀ — dive, fly down

jù·nɨ̀ˀ — fly into

jù·nɨ̀ˀ·lɔ̀ — fly into

jù·tʰɔ̂ˀ — fly up, fly out (example 773)

jù·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — fly away

jù·xɔ̀ — fly horizontally

kə·bɔ̄·jù — airplane

lā·jù·lī — July

jùˀ

extend, stretch out

jùˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — lifted up, extended upward

jû

jə·kòˀ·jû — my throat

kòˀ·jû — throat

jwà

God
flow (verb)

jwà·kʰɔ̄·pʰlō·wɛ̄ — flows through (with coreference marker)

jwà·lɔ̀ — flow down

kə·bûˀ·tʰū·bā·jwà — worship God

kə·sâ·jwà — Lord God

tʃō·bā·jwà — church

tʰī·sʰɛ̄ˀ·mɛ̄ˀ·jwà — Hti Hseh Meh Ywa (place name)

jɔ̀

kɔ̂·pì·jɔ̀ — Myanmar, Burma

kɔ̂·pə·jɔ̀ — Myanmar

kɔ̂·pə·jɔ̀·pù — in Myanmar (country-Burma-inside)

kɔ̂·pə·jɔ̀·θɨ̄ˀ — Myanmar army, Burmese army

lə̄·pə·jɔ̀·kwɛ̄ˀ·wɛ̄·ʔə·tâ·sîˀ·sò·tɛ̄·sò — the chronicles written by the Burmese (prenominal RC)

pə·jɔ̀ — Burmese person; Burma, Myanmar

pə·jɔ̀·kɔ̂ — Myanmar (alternative order to kɔ̂-pəjɔ̀)

pɣà·kɔ̂·pə·jɔ̀·pʰō — Burmese person

pɣà·ʔôˀ·lə̄·kɔ̂·pə·jɔ̀·pù — people who live in Myanmar (impersonal subject with intransitive verb)

pɣà·pə·jɔ̀ — Burmese people

pɣà·pə·jɔ̀·pʰō — Burmese person

jɔ̂

step, tread

jɔ̂·bâˀ — step on (physical contact)

jɔ̂·tî·xàˀ — hold fast by treading on

kʰɔ̂ˀ·jɔ̂ — foot (measurement)

lêˀ·jɔ̂ — bicycle

sʰɨ̄·bɨ̄·jɔ̂·bɨ̄ — pounding rice (elaborate expression)

jɔ̄

kə·jɔ̄·kə·jɔ̄ — slowly (adverbial use of reduplicated form)

jɔ̄ˀ

carry on shoulders (with neckyoke)

jə

dīˀ·jə·mê·pâ·tə·ɣà·ʔə·θōˀ — as a father (Vlog, copula clause instead of NP possessor of θōˀ)

dōˀ·tʰîˀ·jə·θāˀ — let myself be seen (Gilmore 1898)

jə — first person singular prefix (verbal and possessive)

jə·bâˀ — I must; I am (seen) (with bâˀ passive-like construction)

jə·bâˀ·θāˀ — I want

jə·dō·kə·nâˀ — I listen, I obey

jə·dōˀ·tʰîˀ — I let myself be seen

jə·dɔ̄·pɨ̂·wɛ̂ — my siblings (as a group)

jə·dɔ̄·pɨ̂·wɛ̂·kʰwā — my brother

jə·dɨ̄ˀ·lɛ̀ — I tried to let (him) go

jə·dɨ̄ˀ·nàˀ — I made him believe

jə·dɨ̄ˀ·θī — I killed (the insect) (indirect)

jə·hāˀ·lòˀ·kwɛ̄ — I hang out, I stroll

jə·hāˀ·xɨ̄ — I go looking for, I search

jə·hîˀ — my house

jə·hɔ̂ˀ·kʰôˀ — my ground

jə·hɛ̄ — I come

jə·hɛ̄·sòˀ·nê — I bring for (her)

jə·kòˀ·jû — my throat

jə·kwɛ̄ˀ — I write

jə·kə·bâˀ — I will have to

jə·kə·hêˀ — I will give

jə·kə·hɛ̄ — I will come

jə·kə·kè — I will return, I will go back

jə·kə·lɛ̀ — I will go

jə·kə·lɛ̀·hāˀ — I will travel

jə·kə·lɛ̀·pàˀ·sə̀ — I will go first (example 728)

jə·kə·mà·tâ — I will work

jə·kə·pɣè·ʔɔ̂ˀ — I will buy (for eating) (example 552b)

jə·kə·pʰɔ̄ — I will cook

jə·kə·sîˀ·lɔ̀ — I will leave

jə·kə·ʔɔ̂ˀ — I will eat

jə·kə·ʔɔ̂ˀ·kè — I will eat later

jə·kə·ʔɔ̂ˀ·nê — I will eat for (you)

jə·kə·θāˀ·wîˀ — I will sing

jə·kə·θîˀ·kʰôˀ·sʰā — my headache medicine

jə·kɛ̄·nê — act as for

jə·kɛ̄·tê — I was (in the past)

jə·kʰāˀ·nê — I shoot (and get)

jə·kʰī — after me, with me

jə·kʰlə̄·xī — my back

jə·kʰôˀ — my head

jə·kʰôˀ·nùˀ — my brain, my intelligence

jə·kʰôˀ·sʰûˀ — my hair

jə·kʰwɛ̄ˀ — my right, my permission

jə·lì — my grandchild

jə·lìˀ — my book

jə·lò — my body, my skin

jə·lɛ̀ — I go, I went

jə·lɛ̀·tɨ̀ — I went to

jə·lɛ̀·ʔôˀ — I went to live, I moved to

jə·lɛ̀·ʔôˀ·də̄ˀ — the house I have moved to (prenominal RC, Ballard 1973b)

jə·mà — I do

jə·mà·kə·mâˀ — I did wrong, I made a mistake

jə·mà·θī — I killed (the insect) (direct)

jə·mê — I am; if I (conditional)

jə·mì — my name

jə·mī·mɔ̂ — I dreamt

jə·mô — my mother

jə·mô·jə·pâ — my parents (A-B-A-C elaborate expression)

jə·mō — my mom, my mother (familiar form)

jə·mə·lɛ̀ — if I go

jə·mə̄ — I order, I ask

jə·mɛ̀ˀ·kʰlī — my eye

jə·mɛ̀ˀ·sʰûˀ — my eyelashes

jə·mɨ̂·lâ — I hope

jə·nōˀ·pʰīˀ — my lip

jə·nɔ̂·kə·sâ — myself, by myself (oblique reflexive)

jə·nɔ̄ — I drive

jə·nɨ̀ˀ — I enter

jə·pâ — my father

jə·pā — my father (familiar form)

jə·pɛ̄·trɔ̄ — my door

jə·pɣè·dɨ̄ˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ — I'll buy you dinner (buy-cause-eat)

jə·pɨ̂ — my younger sibling (example 763)

jə·pʰā·tî — my uncle

jə·pʰō — my child, my children

jə·pʰō·kʰwā — my son

jə·pʰō·θə·dā — my youngest child

jə·pʰō·dôˀ — my nephew

jə·pʰō·mɨ̂ˀ — my daughter

jə·pʰū·wā — I polish white

jə·pʰɨ̄ — my grandfather

jə·sē — my money

jə·sīˀ·blɨ̄ˀ·bâˀ — I thank

jə·sʰē·kà — my shirt

jə·sʰō·jə·kə·môˀ — I think (rare elaborate form)

jə·sʰō·kə·môˀ — I think (headed compound form)

jə·sʰō·kə·môˀ — I think

jə·sʰō·môˀ — I think

jə·sʰə̄·tɛ̀ˀ·lɔ̀ — I decided

jə·sʰə̄·tʰə̂ˀ — I stand

jə·sʰɛ̄ˀ·θī — I stabbed him/her dead (example 675)

jə·tâ — my thing, for me (with benefactive)

jə·tâ·dɛ̄ˀ·bāˀ — my sins (example 831)

jə·tâ·mà — my work

jə·tâ·ʔɛ̂ˀ·tɔ̄ — my boyfriend/girlfriend (lit., my true love)

jə·tì·θə·kōˀ — my friend

jə·tô·də̄ — my wallet

jə·tə·bâˀ·θûˀ·bâˀ·θāˀ — I am not pleased with you (Malachi 1:10, 1992 translation) (example 563)

jə·tə·kɛ̄ — I am not

jə·tə·lɛ̀ — I don't go, I won't go, I'm not going

jə·tə·mà — I don't do

jə·tə·nâ·hū — I can't hear

jə·tə·nâ·pə̂ — I don't understand

jə·tə·plɛ̄ — I won't let

jə·tə·plɛ̄·lɛ̀ — I won't let go

jə·tə·tɔ̂ — I won't beat

jə·tə·tʰîˀ — I didn't see

jə·tə·tʰūˀ·tə·tɔ̀ — I am not rich (personal prefix precedes elaborate expression)

jə·tə·ʔōˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·xàˀ — I didn't open

jə·tə·ʔɔ̂ˀ — I don't eat / I won't eat (ambiguous)

jə·tə·ʔɛ̂ˀ·dōˀ — I don't want

jə·tə·θāˀ·hē·jɛ̄ — I do not hate

jə·tə·θêˀ·ɲā — I don't know

jə·tə·kʰwā — my cousin

jə·tɛ̄ — I say, I tell, I remember

jə·tɛ̄·bâˀ — I told (her)

jə·tʃō·θə·râˀ — my schoolteacher (headed compound with single possessive prefix)

jə·tʃɔ̄ — my older brother

jə·tʰîˀ — I see, I saw, I met

jə·tʰîˀ·bâˀ — I see you, I meet you

jə·tʰūˀ — I brush

jə·tʰɔ̂ˀ — I go up, I attend

jə·tʰə̂ˀ — my bag

jə·wà — my husband

jə·wɛ̂ — my older brother

jə·wɛ̂·kʰwā — my older brother

jə·wɛ̂·sɔ̄ — my elder brother

jə·xē — I request, I ask

jə·xō·ʔêˀ — I grill for (the cat)

jə·ɣɔ̂ — for me

jə·ɣɛ̀·sʰə̄·tʰə̂ˀ — I get up (example 659)

jə·ɲâˀ — my skin

jə·ʔôˀ — I am; my location, to me (locative relator noun)

jə·ʔôˀ·bâˀ — I stayed

jə·ʔôˀ·hɛ̄ — I come from

jə·ʔôˀ·jə·sʰōˀ — I live (elaborate expression with personal prefix)

jə·ʔôˀ·jɨ̀ — I stay with and assist

jə·ʔôˀ·θə·jɨ̂ — I miss

jə·ʔôˀ·tɔ̂ — I stayed

jə·ʔōˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — I opened

jə·ʔɔ̂ˀ — I eat

jə·ʔɔ̄·sʰō — I drink first

jə·ʔɛ̂ˀ — I love

jə·ʔɛ̂ˀ·dōˀ — I want

jə·ʔɛ̂ˀ·dɔ̄ˀ — I want

jə·θā — I intend to

jə·θāˀ — myself (reflexive); my heart (psycho-noun)

jə·θāˀ·kʰɨ̄ — I am happy

jə·θāˀ·ʔɨ̄ˀ — I am sad

jə·θāˀ·ʔɨ̄ˀ·sə̀ — I am sad for (you)

jə·θêˀ·ɲā — I know

jə·θêˀ·ɲā·lɔ̀ — I know (myself)

jə·θêˀ·ɲā·ʔā·tʰɔ̂ˀ·wɛ̄ — I knew more (with coreference marker)

jə·θə·kōˀ — my friend

jə·θə·râˀ·mɨ̂ˀ — my female teacher

jə·mê — if I (full form)

jə·pâˀ — Japan

jə·ɣɔ̂ — for me, for my sake

jə·θāˀ — myself (reflexive pronoun)

mə̄·jə·kwɛ̄ˀ·lìˀ·pʰō — ask me to write little books (Jones 1961)

plɛ̄·jə·ʔɛ̂ˀ·nà — let me love you (bare clause complement)

pʰɛ̄·jə·tʰɔ̂ˀ·tʃō·ʔə·pʰə̄·mɨ̂ — while attending class (with pʰə̄.mɨ̂)

pʰɛ̄·jə·ʔôˀ·tə·sʰûˀ·bâˀ·ʔə·kʰā — when I am sick (temporal clause with negated verb)

pʰɛ̄·jə·ʔɔ̂ˀ·mè·wì·ʔə·lɔ̂·kʰī — after I have eaten (with relator noun lɔ̂.kʰī)

tâ·bɣīˀ·jə·θāˀ — I am tired

tâ·kə̂ˀ·jə·θāˀ — I am bored

tâ·lə̄·jə·ʔɔ̂ˀ·ʔɔ̀·wîˀ — things that I like (to eat) (with resumptive pronoun ʔɔ̀)

tâ·môˀ·pɔ̂·jə·θāˀ·lə̄·tʰī — I want to swim (impersonal construction)

tâ·môˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ·jə·θāˀ·lə̄·mè — I want to eat (Kato 1993)

tâ·θâˀ·wì·ʔɔ̂ˀ·jə·θāˀ·lə̄·mè — I am hungry

tâ·θū·jə·θāˀ·lə̄·tʰī — I am thirsty

tâ·θə·jɨ̂·jə·θāˀ·lə̄·mô — I miss mother

tâ·lɔ̂·lə̄·jə·pâ·ʔôˀ·wɛ̄ — the place where my father is

tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·jə·hɛ̄·dīˀ·bâˀ·ʔə·kʰā — before I came here (with optional components omitted)

tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·lə̄·jə·ʔɔ̂ˀ·mè·nêˀ·jə·ʔɔ̄·sʰō·tʰī — before I eat, I first drink water (with sʰō 'first')

θêˀ·ɲā·lɔ̀·jə·θāˀ — know oneself, be self-aware

jə̀

cry (elaborate partner of hɔ̂ˀ, only in compounds)

hɔ̂ˀ·jə̀ — cry (coordinate compound; jə̀ not independent)

hɔ̂ˀ·lɔ̀·jə̀·lɔ̀·wɛ̄ — crying over (example 789)

jə̂

five (numeral)

jə̂ˀ

suppositive final particle (variant)

jə̄

be enough, be sufficient

mê·lə̄·mè·tə·jə̄·bâˀ — because there's not enough rice (HUR, interchangeable with kʰɔ̄.pʰlō.lə̄)

tə·jə̄ — not be enough

jɛ̂

five (numeral)

jɛ̄

I, me (first person singular emphatic pronoun, topic, contrast)
first person singular coreference marker

jɛ̄ — first person singular coreference clitic

jɛ̄·dâˀ — first person singular coreference with clitic

jə·tə·θāˀ·hē·jɛ̄ — I do not hate

jɛ̄·dâˀ — I (first person singular emphatic with clitic); first person singular coreference marker with clitic

ʔôˀ·jɛ̄ — I am (with coreference marker)

jɨ̀

assist (verbal modifier, adds person assisted)
variant ɣɨ̀

jə·ʔôˀ·jɨ̀ — I stay with and assist

kə̄·jɨ̀ — assist in casting (e.g., drum)

kʰāˀ·jɨ̀ — assist in hunting (accompany and help)

ʔôˀ·jɨ̀ — stay with and assist (e.g., look after child)

jɨ̂

rat, mouse
classifier for songs, poems
give a name, name (verb)

jə·ʔôˀ·θə·jɨ̂ — I miss

jɨ̂·nê — name (v.)

kʰē·jɨ̂ — lion

tâ·θə·jɨ̂·jə·θāˀ·lə̄·mô — I miss mother

tə·jɨ̂ — one (tune/song)

θə·jɨ̂ — miss, long for

kà

wear (lower body)
trade (verb)

jə·sʰē·kà — my shirt

kà·wɛ̄·dâˀ — wear (with coreference marker)

kū·kà — clothes (cumulative type coordinate compound)

kū·kà — clothes (wear.on.top + wear.below)

kɔ̂·ʔə·mɛ̄·rə·kà — America

kɔ̂·ʔə·mɛ̄·rə·kà·pù — in the United States

kə·dɨ̄ˀ·kū·kà·tʰɔ̂ˀ — dress up

lɔ̀·kà — look tempting to wear

sʰē·kà — shirt, blouse, upper garment

tâ·kà·klɔ̂ — cattle trade

ʔə·mɛ̄·rə·kà — America (loanword with prefix)

kàˀ

kàˀ·θə̂ˀ — probably (final particle compound, Mawlamyine)

kâ

break (intransitive)
probably, I guess (probabilitive final particle)

bōˀ·kâ — break off

kâ·lɔ̀ — fall down

tə·θē·kâ — I guess not (bâˀ absent before probability particle)

kâˀ

grill, roast
skewer (measure/classifier)

kâˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ·nê — roast for (someone) (example 549)

mɛ̄ˀ·kâˀ·lîˀ — Mite Kah-lee (personal name)

sʰɔ̄·ɲâˀ·kâˀ — grilled chicken

kā

car (loanword)

pɣà·pɣè·kā — car buyer / person who bought a car (relative clause without lə̄, lexicalized)

sūˀ·kā — use (formal)

kāˀ

exceed, go beyond
cover (first element in compounds)

kāˀ·bə̄ — cover, be covered

tə·kāˀ·dīˀ·bâˀ — additionally, not only that

tə·kāˀ·bâˀ — not only

ke·sâ — lord (in 'self')

nɔ̂·ke·sâ — self (body-lord, used with possessive prefix in oblique phrases)

kè

return, go back
again (aspectual modifier)
prior motion verb 'return and/to'
directional modifier
also event-oriented 'V again' and object-oriented 'V back'

blā·kè — recover, get well

bôˀ·kè — wrap up

dɨ̄ˀ·kè — get (someone) to go home; let (someone) go home

dɨ̄ˀ·kè·wɛ̄·dâˀ — kept back, confined (with coreference marker)

dɨ̄ˀ·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kè·wɛ̄ — recreated (with coreference marker)

dɨ̄ˀ·θêˀ·ɲā·kè — let know, inform

hêˀ·kè — return, give back

hīˀ·kè — take back, get back

hɛ̄·kè — come back

hɛ̄·kè·bâˀ — get to come back

hɛ̄·kè — come back, return

jù·kè — fly back

jə·kə·kè — I will return, I will go back

jə·kə·ʔɔ̂ˀ·kè — I will eat later

kè·mī — go back to sleep (example 611)

kè·sòˀ·wɛ̄·dīˀ — take back as well (additive meaning of dīˀ, Ballard 1973c)

kè·xê — run back

kūˀ·kè — harvest (with return aspect, in contrast to sowing)

kwâ·kə·dā·kè — look back, review

kwɛ̄ˀ·kè — rewrite

kwɛ̄ˀ·kè·ʔə·lìˀ·pʰāˀ·kè·ʔə·lɛ̂ — write and read their script again (8-syllable elaborate expression)

kə·bā·kè — will worship (again)

kə·kè — would return

kə·dā·kè — return (emphatic form of kè)

kə·tɔ̀·kè — preserve, keep (verb)

kʰɨ̂ˀ·lɔ̀·kè — cool back down

lè·tə·kè — at all

lɛ̀·kè — go back

mà·kô·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kè — heat up again (causative + directional + temporal)

mà·lə̄·mà·pɣɛ̀·nê·kè — complete the work for (someone) (elaborate expression with modifiers)

mê·kè — become again

môˀ·kè — want to return/go home

mɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kè — grow back, sprout again

nê·kè — get (in contrast to previous situation, e.g., before inflation)

nə·kè·tɨ̀ — you arrive back

nə·kə·blā·kè·dâˀ·wɛ̄ — you will recover

nə·pīˀ·kə·dā·kè — you closed again

pàˀ·kə·pʰə̄·lɔ̀·kè — be proud of

pàˀ·kè — put back (object-oriented: V back)

pàˀ·kə·dā·kè — put back

pīˀ·kə·dā·kè — close again, close back (event-oriented: V again)

plâ·lɔ̀·kè — released (and let down back)

pə·kə·kwâ·kə·dā·kè — We'll review (example 811)

pə·sīˀ·blɨ̄ˀ·kè — we thank (you)

pɣè·kè — buy back

sīˀ·sʰə̄·kè — reply, answer back

sòˀ·kè — carry back

tâ·môˀ·kè·θāˀ — I want to go home

tû·bâˀ·kə·dā·kè — suffer in return, suffer consequences

tə·hɛ̄·kè·pə̂·tʰɔ̂ˀ — had not come back out

tə·môˀ·kè — don't want to return

tə·rīˀ·kè — turn back, decide

tɛ̄·sʰə̄·kè·wɛ̄·dâˀ — replied (with coreference marker)

tɨ̀·ʔə·pâ·plâ·lɔ̀·kè·ʔɔ̀·tə·sɨ̄ — when his father released him (Saw Kay)

tʰîˀ·lɔ̀·kè — see (ourselves), look at

tʰɨ̄ˀ·pʰlā·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kè — revealed, brought forth

ʔôˀ·bâˀ·kè — get to be, have the opportunity to be

ʔɔ̂ˀ·lɔ̀·kè — eating (its own eggs)

ʔɔ̄·kè — drink (in contrast); expresses changed situation

θə·nè·kè — lean on, depend on (expresses reversed dependency)

kê

form, shape (in compounds)

tâ·ʔə·kê·ʔə·ɣɔ̀·dō — mould (for casting)

tə·kê — optative final particle; a bit (comparative marker in older sources); fossilized classifier phrase

tɨ̀·mê·klôˀ·ʔə·kê·ʔə·ɣɔ̀·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·tə·sɨ̄ — once the drum-casting mould has been formed (Karen drum)

ʔā·tə·kê — mostly, for the most part

ʔə·kê·ʔə·ɣɔ̀ — its form, its shape

kêˀ

be crooked, be bent
Kay (part of personal name)

nâ·kêˀ — naughty, disobedient

sɔ̀·kêˀ — Saw Kay (male personal name)

sɔ̀·kêˀ — Saw Kay (personal name)

θāˀ·kêˀ·nê — more envious than

kē

old (in compound)
shred, piece

bâˀ·sʰâˀ·θə·nàˀ·kē — although (combined concessive marker)

bâˀ·sʰâˀ·θə·nàˀ·kē — although (combined concessive)

nàˀ·kē — likewise, even so, although (concessive adverb)

nàˀ·θə·kē — concessive variant (less common than θənàˀ.kē)

nā·kē — likewise, also (variant of nàˀ.kē)

nə·pʰə̄·nɨ̀ˀ·lə̂·sʰū·tʰə̂ˀ·pù·bâˀ·sʰâˀ·θə·nàˀ·kē — although you put a stone in the bag (LTP.D, concessive without mê)

sāˀ·kʰō·kē — shred of paper

sʰōˀ·kē — be ill

θûˀ·kē·θāˀ·pɣâ — elderly people

θə·nàˀ·kē — even so, although, likewise (concessive clause-final adverb; also additive marker 'likewise')

kî

core, essence

kî·mɛ̄ — Chiang Mai

wê·kî·mɛ̄ — Chiang Mai city

ʔə·kî·ʔə·sɔ̄ — (the) quality (of) (parts of whole type elaborate expression)

kîˀ

pattern (in sʰɛ̄ˀ-kîˀ 'tattoo')
be multicoloured (in tʰôˀ-kîˀ 'parrot')

sʰɛ̄ˀ·kîˀ — tattoo (verb)

tʰôˀ·kîˀ — parrot

kī

kī·lò — kilogram

klâ

intensifier (variant?)

klā

midst, among, amidst (relator noun
no main noun function)

pɣâ·lâ·klā — jungle, forest

tâ·kô·klā — in the heat

klāˀ

tə·klāˀ — collectivizer (variant)

klē

grind, sharpen

klò

row, line (arrangement classifier)
channel (in ɣê-klò 'information')
matter, affair (in compounds)
roof beam

bâˀ·xāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·ʔə·ɣê·ʔə·klò — about (its) matters (with relator noun ɣê)

pɣà·ɣê·pɣà·klò — gossip, matters of others

tâ·ɣê·tâ·klò — information, news, matter, affair

tâ·ɣê·tâ·klò·lə̄·ʔə·bâˀ·tʰwɛ̄·dɔ̄ˀ·pə·pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄·pʰō — information related to us Karen

ɣê·klò — information

ʔə·ɣê·ʔə·klò — its matters, its affairs

klòˀ

language, speech

klòˀ·tʰī — translate

kə·ɲɔ̄·klòˀ — Karen language

pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄·klòˀ — Karen language

tɛ̄·klòˀ·tʰī·sə̀ — help translate

tʃɔ̂ˀ·tɛ̀ˀ·klòˀ — Thai language

ʔə·klòˀ — their language

klôˀ

bronze drum
strike, hit (verb)

klôˀ·sē — wealth (parts of whole type coordinate compound)

klôˀ·ɦò·sē·ɦò — wealth (elaborate expression with semantically void ɦò)

pɣà·kə̄·klôˀ — drum maker

tɨ̀·mê·klôˀ·ʔə·kê·ʔə·ɣɔ̀·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·tə·sɨ̄ — once the drum-casting mould has been formed (Karen drum)

ʔə·klôˀ — his drums

klō

gun, rifle
river (second element in tʰī.klō 'river')

klō·kʰlī — bullet

tʰī·klō — river

tʰī·pʰō·klō — river, creek

klōˀ

contact (second element?)

sʰɛ̄ˀ·klōˀ — contact (v.)

sʰɛ̄ˀ·klōˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — contacted (with coreference marker)

klɔ̂

cow, ox

klɔ̂·pʰō — calf

tâ·kà·klɔ̂ — cattle trade

klɔ̄

slash, cut

kə·klɔ̄ — to slash, to cut

klɛ̀

arrange, plan

kə·klɛ̀·nē — will arrange for

tâ·tòˀ·klɛ̀ — plan, project

tâ·rɛ̂ˀ·tâ·klɛ̀ — plan (n.)

tòˀ·klɛ̀ — plan (v.)

klɛ̄

road, way

dī·θōˀ·ʔə·θɨ̄·tə·θū·klɛ̄ — so that they would not use the road (News article, with təɣè final particle)

hīˀ·sɨ̄·nɛ̂ˀ·klɛ̄ — guide (verb) (A-B-C-D structure elaborate expression)

klɛ̄·kə·pà — roadside

klɛ̄·lə̄·pə·hɛ̄ — the road on which we came (oblique relativization)

lɔ̂·klɛ̄ — place (parts of whole type coordinate compound); place (elaborate variant of lɔ̂)

pə·nɔ̄·klɛ̄·θâˀ — lime (fruit)

pɣà·nɛ̂ˀ·klɛ̄ — guide

tâ·tē·klɛ̄ — road construction

ʔə·lɔ̂·ʔə·klɛ̄ — their place (elaborate expression for 'place')

ʔə·ʔôˀ·ʔə·sʰōˀ·ʔə·lɔ̂·ʔə·klɛ̄ — the place where they live (Kato 1993)

θɨ̄ˀ·lɔ̂·θɨ̄ˀ·klɛ̄ — move (to another place) (elaborate expression from lɔ̂-klɛ̄)

klɛ̄ˀ

try (first element)

klɛ̄ˀ·sə̄ˀ — try hard, strive to, make an effort to

ɣɨ̀ˀ·klɛ̄ˀ·sə̄ˀ — try hard, make an effort (non-modal secondary verb; from ɣɨ̀ˀ 'do with effort' + klɛ̄ˀ.sə̄ˀ 'try, strive to')

kòˀ

(second element of 'in a while')

jə·kòˀ·jû — my throat

kòˀ·jû — throat

kʰɛ̄·kòˀ — in a while, later

sɔ̀·jà·kòˀ — James (personal name)

sʰīˀ·sʰīˀ·kòˀ·pʰō — be very small, tiny

kô

be hot (fever, temperature)

kô·tə·lə̄ — too hot

kô·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get hotter

mà·kô·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kè — heat up again (causative + directional + temporal)

pʰɔ̂ˀ·kwâ·mê·ʔə·kô·wɛ̄·dôˀ·tʰɛ̄·lɛ̂ˀ — touch to see how hot it is (with mê in interrogative complement)

tâ·kô — heat (nominalized); it is hot (impersonal)

tâ·kô·klā — in the heat

ʔə·kô·wɛ̄ — it is hot (with coreference marker)

θāˀ·kô — be worried

kôˀ

snack, dessert

kôˀ·kʰēˀ — cake, snack

kôˀ·rôˀ·nâˀ — coronavirus (loanword)

kō

bottle

kō·sī·θâˀ — papaya

kō·sī·θâˀ·tô — pounded papaya salad

kō·tʃī·θâˀ·tô — pounded papaya salad

kō·ɲâ — be relieved, be satisfied

kō·ɲâ·lɔ̀ — get relieved

tə·kō — one bottle

kōˀ

dīˀ·pɣà·kōˀ·ɣà·dɛ̄ˀ·θêˀ·ɲā·ʔə·θōˀ — as everyone knows (News vlog, with ʔə-θōˀ)

dɔ̄·tì·dɔ̄·θə·kōˀ — friends, companions (elaborate expression)

dɔ̄·θə·kōˀ — friend (second element of elaborate expression)

dɔ̄·θə·kōˀ — be friends (with RLN prefix?)

jə·tì·θə·kōˀ — my friend

jə·θə·kōˀ — my friend

kōˀ·dī·kōˀ·ɣà — everyone (elaborate expression with distributive quantifier)

kōˀ·lɔ̀·ʔə·θāˀ — call oneself

kōˀ·nɔ̂·ɣà·dɛ̄ˀ — everyone

kōˀ·dī·nɔ̄·ɣà — everyone (elaborate expression)

lɛ̀·hāˀ·kʰāˀ·θə·kōˀ — go hunting together (prior motion + concurrent action + compound)

mà·θə·kōˀ — do together, cooperate

nâ·hū·kōˀ·ʔɔ̀ — hear (someone) calling him (bare complement with bound pronoun)

pə·tì·θə·kōˀ — our friend

pə·θə·mū·θə·kōˀ — our friend

tì·θə·kōˀ — friend

xɨ̄·tʰîˀ·nê·θə·kōˀ — find together, discover together

ɣɨ̀ˀ·tɛ̄·θə·kōˀ — negotiate

ʔôˀ·θə·kōˀ — visit, be with

ʔɔ̂ˀ·θə·kōˀ — eat together

ʔə·θə·kōˀ — his/her friend

θāˀ·wîˀ·θə·kōˀ — sing together

θāˀ·θə·mū·tì·θə·kōˀ — soulmate

θûˀ·pʰɣī·θāˀ·ɲɔ̄·θə·kōˀ — rejoice together (example 697)

θə·kōˀ — friend (noun); sociative marker: together, V together (verbal modifier)

θə·mū·θə·kōˀ — friend (elaborate expression?)

krɔ̀ˀ

krɔ̀ˀ·krɔ̀ˀ — ideophone for snoring

krə̄ˀ

should, ought to (deontic modal verb)
be proper, be suitable (descriptive verb)
expresses subjective obligation, suggestion, or weak obligation

krə̄ˀ·lə̄ — should (that) (deontic modality with complement)

pə·krə̄ˀ — we should

pə·tə·krə̄ˀ — we should not (example 559)

tə·krə̄ˀ — shouldn't (in complement clause)

ʔə·krə̄ˀ·ʔə·bâˀ — it is proper, it is correct (elaborate expression)

kùˀ

chop, cut
piece (classifier)

tə·kùˀ — one piece (cloth)

kû

tə·kû·θêˀ — plural marker (regional) (example 834)

kûˀ

plan, deliberate

kûˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — plan, decide (example 704)

kûˀ·θī — plan to kill

tâ·hêˀ·kûˀ — advice

tə·kûˀ — Yangon

tə·kûˀ·θêˀ — collective plural (variant?)

wê·tə·kûˀ — Yangon

kū

wear (upper body)

kū·kà — clothes (cumulative type coordinate compound)

kū·kà — clothes (wear.on.top + wear.below)

kə·dɨ̄ˀ·kū·kà·tʰɔ̂ˀ — dress up

tʰɛ̄·kū — paso (tube skirt for men)

kūˀ

harvest, cut down
cough

kūˀ·bɨ̄·kūˀ·hɨ̄ — harvest rice (elaborate expression from bɨ̄-hɨ̄)

kūˀ·kè — harvest (with return aspect, in contrast to sowing)

ʔɔ̄·kūˀ — August (loanword)

kwâ

look, watch, see
tentative/conative modifier: V and see, try V (signals observing outcome)
think, consider

kwâ·kə·dā·kè — look back, review

kwâ·nê·wɛ̄ — find (by looking)

kwâ·sō — look out over, look from above

kwâ·tə·rīˀ — look around (example 784)

kwâ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — look up

kwâ·xī·là — find beautiful

kwâ·ɣè — find attractive, like (appearance)

kwâ·kɔ̄ — watch (v.) (phrase with bird EE: 'watch birds')

kwâ·tʰī·kwâ·sʰāˀ — examine

kwâ·tʰwɛ̄ — look after, take care of

kwâ·tʰwɛ̄·lòˀ — look after each other

kwâ·tʰwɛ̄·lòˀ·θāˀ — look after each other

kə·kwâ·sʰō·kə·môˀ·dīˀ — will still consider it (Ballard 1973b)

nə·kwâ — you look, you think

nə·θī·kwâ·nê — you ask on behalf of

pə·kə·kwâ·kə·dā·kè — We'll review (example 811)

pʰɔ̂ˀ·kwâ — touch and see, feel (tentative/conative)

pʰɔ̂ˀ·kwâ·mê·ʔə·kô·wɛ̄·dôˀ·tʰɛ̄·lɛ̂ˀ — touch to see how hot it is (with mê in interrogative complement)

ʔɔ̄·kwâ — drink and see, try (a drink)

θī·kwâ — ask, inquire

θī·kwâ·lɔ̀·ʔə·θāˀ — ask oneself

θī·kwâ·nê — ask on (someone's) behalf

kwâˀ

tâ·θī·kwâˀ — question

kwìˀ

throw (verb)
away (aspectual/directional modifier)
makes verb compound telic (accomplishment/achievement)
expresses disappearance, elimination, deterioration

kwìˀ — aspectual modifier indicating away, abandonment, or disappearance; makes verb compound telic (accomplishment/achievement)

hāˀ·kwìˀ — go away

hāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — go away

hīˀ·nê·kwìˀ — took away (grabbed and got away with)

hɨ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — steal away, steal and remove

jù·kwìˀ — fly away

jù·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — fly away

kwìˀ·kwìˀ — throw away

kə·lɔ̀·mâ·nê·kwìˀ — would disappear on them

kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — turn into (with negative connotation, e.g., ashes)

lɔ̀·mâ·kwìˀ — disappear, be lost

lɔ̀·mâ·nê·kwìˀ — disappear on (someone) (malefactive)

lɔ̀·pìˀ·kwìˀ — go out (of fire), be extinguished

lə̀ˀ·kwìˀ — run out completely, be used up, be lost

lə̀ˀ·kwìˀ·wɛ̄ — die (of fish in pond)

lɛ̀·kwìˀ — go away (telic accomplishment)

mà·θī·kwìˀ — kill completely, kill (emphatic)

mà·θī·lɔ̀·kwìˀ — kill (himself)

nə·kə·hāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — you will go away

pàˀ·kwìˀ·nê — put away for (someone)

pàˀ·tê·kwìˀ — leave, abandon

pù·kwìˀ — pass, go by (of time)

pɣâ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — age, become old (deterioration)

pʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — take away, seize

sòˀ·kwìˀ — carry away

sòˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — carry away

sʰā·ʔɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — sold off (with coreference marker)

tɨ̀·lə̄·nə·θāˀ·mī·māˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·nə·kə·hāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — only when you're satisfied you will leave (Karen sermon)

tʰɔ̂ˀ·θū·kwìˀ — turn black completely

xê·kwìˀ — run away

ʔɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — burn down, consume by fire (deterioration)

ʔə·θāˀ·pɣâ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — they aged (example 834)

ʔə·pù·kwìˀ — past (lit., its passing)

ʔə·pù·kwìˀ·tə·lā — last month

θāˀ·pè·nɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — forget completely (cannot be *forget-FIXED)

θē·sɔ̄·kwìˀ — wash away (completely)

θē·xə̀·kə·sʰɣɔ̄·kwìˀ·dâˀ — wash clean away (example 680)

θī·kwìˀ — die

kwī

pool
banana (in θəkwī)

θə·kwī — banana

kwɛ̂

kwɛ̂·kɔ̂ — Kwekor (name)

kə·kwɛ̂ — million

lìˀ·kwɛ̂·kɔ̂ — Kwekor script

kwɛ̄

bee
play (second element in lòˀ.kwɛ̄)

lòˀ·kwɛ̄ — purposive modifier (V for fun)

hāˀ·lòˀ·kwɛ̄ — take a stroll

jə·hāˀ·lòˀ·kwɛ̄ — I hang out, I stroll

kwɛ̄·pʰō — little bees

kwɛ̄·mɨ̀ˀ — invite

lòˀ·kwɛ̄ — play (verb); V for fun (purposive modifier)

mê·lə̄·kwɛ̄·pʰō·lôˀ·bâˀ·wɛ̄·pʰɔ̄ — because bees need flowers (Vlog)

nə·tâ·tɛ̄·lòˀ·kwɛ̄ — your kidding (nominalized verb phrase) (example 594)

tâ·ɣɛ̀·lòˀ·kwɛ̄ — sports

tɛ̄·lòˀ·kwɛ̄ — joke (v.) (descriptive compound) (example 648c)

tʰîˀ·lòˀ·kwɛ̄·lə̄·nêˀ — see (him) playing there (bare complement, bound pronoun on verb)

xê·lòˀ·kwɛ̄ — jog

ʔə·lòˀ·kwɛ̄ — he plays

kwɛ̄ˀ

write

dīˀ·pə·kwɛ̄ˀ·pə·pʰāˀ·ʔɔ̀·lə̄·mɨ̂·mə·sʰā·tə·nì·ʔì·ʔə·θōˀ — as we read and write them today (Karen nationalism, similative clause modifying NP)

jə·kwɛ̄ˀ — I write

kwɛ̄ˀ·kè — rewrite

kwɛ̄ˀ·kè·ʔə·lìˀ·pʰāˀ·kè·ʔə·lɛ̂ — write and read their script again (8-syllable elaborate expression)

kwɛ̄ˀ·kə·mâˀ — make a mistake in writing

kwɛ̄ˀ·lìˀ — write (with non-referential object)

kwɛ̄ˀ·lîˀ·kwɛ̄ˀ·lɔ̄ — write untruthfully (elaborate expression from lîˀ-lɔ̄)

kwɛ̄ˀ·nɔ̂ˀ — note down

kwɛ̄ˀ·pòˀ — write after (example 668)

kwɛ̄ˀ·tê — wrote (in the past)

kwɛ̄ˀ·wɛ̄ — (they) wrote (with coreference marker)

lə̄·pə·jɔ̀·kwɛ̄ˀ·wɛ̄·ʔə·tâ·sîˀ·sò·tɛ̄·sò — the chronicles written by the Burmese (prenominal RC)

mə̄·jə·kwɛ̄ˀ·lìˀ·pʰō — ask me to write little books (Jones 1961)

pə·kwɛ̄ˀ·pə·pʰāˀ — we write and read

pɣà·kwɛ̄ˀ·lìˀ·pʰō — writer

tâ·kwɛ̄ˀ — writing

tâ·kwɛ̄ˀ — text, writing

tə·kwɛ̄ˀ — doesn't write

ʔə·kwɛ̄ˀ — he writes

ʔə·kə·kwɛ̄ˀ — he may be writing

ʔə·tâ·kwɛ̄ˀ — his/her writings

kɔ̀

bear, endure
restrain, control, resist, abstain from

kɔ̀·θûˀ·kɔ̀·θāˀ — control oneself (elaborate expression with transitive verb kɔ̀ as intervening element)

kɔ̀·là — foreigner; the West, Western countries

kɔ̀·là·wā — foreign white person, Westerner (example 793)

kɔ̀·là·θū — Indian people

kɔ̀·θâˀ — coconut

sə·kɔ̀·mɨ̂ˀ — chief's wife, headman's wife

tâ·kɔ̀·mè — fasting (nominalized verb phrase)

θə·kɔ̀ — eggplant

θə·kɔ̀·sʰîˀ·θâˀ — tomato (lit., sour eggplant fruit)

kɔ̀ˀ

mə·kɔ̀ˀ — just now, a moment ago

nə·mê·ʔɔ̂ˀ·bâˀ·pʰɨ̄ˀ·mə·kɔ̀ˀ·dɨ̄ — if you had eaten it just now by any chance (Ballard 1973c, counterfactual)

kɔ̂

country, land
district (in place names)

jò·kɔ̂ — Thailand

kwɛ̂·kɔ̂ — Kwekor (name)

kɔ̂·dɔ̄·tə·bêˀ — throughout the whole country

kɔ̂·kʰôˀ — president

kɔ̂·pì·jɔ̀ — Myanmar, Burma

kɔ̂·pə·jɔ̀ — Myanmar

kɔ̂·tʃɔ̂ˀ·tɛ̀ˀ — Thailand

kɔ̂·ʔə·mɛ̄·rə·kà — America

kɔ̂·ʔə·mɛ̄·rə·kà·pù — in the United States

kɔ̂·lā — Kaw Lah (place name)

kɔ̂·pə·jɔ̀·pù — in Myanmar (country-Burma-inside)

kɔ̂·pə·jɔ̀·θɨ̄ˀ — Myanmar army, Burmese army

kɔ̂·rêˀ — district

kɔ̂·sɛ̂ˀ — state (administrative)

kɔ̂·sʰâˀ — township

kə·ɲɔ̄·kɔ̂·sɛ̂ˀ — Kayin State

lìˀ·kwɛ̂·kɔ̂ — Kwekor script

nɔ̂·kɔ̂ — be real, be true

pə·jɔ̀·kɔ̂ — Myanmar (alternative order to kɔ̂-pəjɔ̀)

pɣà·kɔ̂·pə·jɔ̀·pʰō — Burmese person

pɣà·tʰī·pɣà·kɔ̂ — (other) people's countries (elaborate expression with noun pɣà as intervening element)

pɣà·ʔôˀ·lə̄·kɔ̂·pə·jɔ̀·pù — people who live in Myanmar (impersonal subject with intransitive verb)

sʰâˀ·pʰō·kɔ̂·pʰō — animal

tɔ̄·ʔū·kɔ̂·rêˀ — Taw Oo District (place name)

tə·rūˀ·kɔ̂ — China

tʰī·kɔ̂ — country (parts of whole type coordinate compound: water-land)

tʰī·pù·kɔ̂·pù — inside of a country, domestic country (elaborate expression with relator noun pù as intervening element)

tʰī·pʰō·kɔ̂·pʰō — citizens (children of water and land)

tʰī·kɔ̂ — country (water-land)

kɔ̄

be difficult
watch (second element in kwâ.kɔ̄)

bâˀ·kɔ̄·bâˀ·kʰɛ̄ — face hardship, be in trouble (elaborate expression)

kwâ·kɔ̄ — watch (v.) (phrase with bird EE: 'watch birds')

kɔ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get more difficult

kɔ̄·kɔ̄·kʰɛ̄·kʰɛ̄ — difficult (reduplicated elaborate)

kɔ̄·kʰɛ̄ — difficult

kə·kɔ̄ — will be difficult, would be difficult

pɣà·bâˀ·kɔ̄·bâˀ·kʰɛ̄ — refugee (elaborate expression lacking non-elaborate equivalent)

pɣà·bâˀ·kɔ̄·bâˀ·kʰɛ̄ — person in trouble, refugee

tâ·kɔ̄·tâ·kʰɛ̄ — problem, difficulty, hardship

tâ·mà·bâˀ·xāˀ·tâ·mà·sə̀·pɣà·bâˀ·kɔ̄·bâˀ·kʰɛ̄ — work concerned with helping people in trouble (Jones 1961)

tâ·ɣê·kɔ̄ — problem

tə·kɔ̄ — not difficult

kɔ̄ˀ

island
call, invite
each (quantifier)
sociative marker 'together' (variant of θəkōˀ)

kɔ̄ˀ — also, too

bɔ̄·kɔ̄ˀ — Bangkok

hāˀ·ʔôˀ·kɔ̄ˀ — visit (together)

kɔ̄ˀ — each (quantifier; typically with intensifier dɛ̄ˀ); call, invite; take (someone), bring

kɔ̄ˀ·sʰêˀ·nɔ̀ — invite to sit

kɔ̄ˀ·kə·lɨ̀ˀ·dɛ̄ˀ — every kind (each ethnic group)

kɔ̄ˀ·lə̄·sʰɛ̄·tʰɨ̄ — call (this) 'setting a trap' (KWH)

kɔ̄ˀ·nîˀ·dɛ̄ˀ — every year

kɔ̄ˀ·pə·θū·bâˀ — begin to weep and wail (unexpectedly)

kɔ̄ˀ·dī·nɔ̄·ɣà — everyone (elaborate expression)

kɔ̄ˀ·nîˀ·dɛ̄ˀ — every year (each-year-INTS)

kɔ̄ˀ·ɣà·dɛ̄ˀ — everyone (each-CLF-INTS)

kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·sê·kɔ̄ˀ — also occurred

mà·sê·kɔ̄ˀ — also do

mê·sê·kɔ̄ˀ — are also

mə̄·sê·kɔ̄ˀ — also asked

pâˀ·sê·kɔ̄ˀ·wɛ̄ — also joined (with coreference marker)

pə·kɔ̄ˀ — we call

pə·ʔôˀ·sê·kɔ̄ˀ — we also have

pɣà·tɔ̂·ʔɔ̀·kɔ̄ˀ·mɨ̂·nì·dɛ̄ˀ — he was beaten every day (agent backgrounding with pɣà, colloquial)

pɣè·sê·kɔ̄ˀ — also bought

sê·kɔ̄ˀ — also, too (adverbial particle, can modify subject, verb, or occur clause-externally)

sê·kɔ̄ˀ — also (variant of sê.kɔ̄ˀ)

sî·kɔ̄ˀ — honk (e.g., car horn)

tâ·tɔ̂·ʔɔ̀·kɔ̄ˀ·mɨ̂·nì·dɛ̄ˀ — he was beaten every day (agent backgrounding with tâ, written)

tì·θə·kɔ̄ˀ — friend

ʔôˀ·sê·kɔ̄ˀ — also have

ʔə·dɨ̄ˀ·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·sê·kɔ̄ˀ — also causes

kə

kə·lɔ̄ — purposive modifier (V for free)

būˀ·kə — about to (imminent future)

būˀ·kə·bâˀ·lī — it's almost (time) (e.g., five o'clock)

dīˀ·θōˀ·kə·lɛ̀·mà·lō·tâ·lə̄·wê·pù — to go study in the city (purposive clause, Karen village)

dīˀ·θōˀ·pɣà·kə·mlə̂·kə·tʰîˀ — so that the audience would see (Vlog, with dīˀ.θōˀ dɔ̄ˀ)

dīˀ·θōˀ·pɣà·kə·ʔɛ̂ˀ·nà — in order for people to love you (Ballard 1973c)

dôˀ·kə·tə̂ — biggest

dō·kə·nâˀ — listen, obey

dɔ̄·kə·lɨ̀ˀ — whole ethnic group

dɛ̄·kə·wɔ̀ — refugee camp area

dɨ̄ˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ·kə·dɔ̄ˀ — feed again

dɨ̄ˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ·kə·lɔ̄ — give food for free (example 685)

êˀ·êˀ·kə·lɛ̀ˀ — very sharp

hêˀ·kə·lɔ̄ — give for free

hɔ̂ˀ·kə·wɔ̀ — region

jə·dō·kə·nâˀ — I listen, I obey

jə·kə·bâˀ — I will have to

jə·kə·hêˀ — I will give

jə·kə·hɛ̄ — I will come

jə·kə·kè — I will return, I will go back

jə·kə·lɛ̀ — I will go

jə·kə·lɛ̀·hāˀ — I will travel

jə·kə·lɛ̀·pàˀ·sə̀ — I will go first (example 728)

jə·kə·mà·tâ — I will work

jə·kə·pɣè·ʔɔ̂ˀ — I will buy (for eating) (example 552b)

jə·kə·pʰɔ̄ — I will cook

jə·kə·sîˀ·lɔ̀ — I will leave

jə·kə·ʔɔ̂ˀ — I will eat

jə·kə·ʔɔ̂ˀ·kè — I will eat later

jə·kə·ʔɔ̂ˀ·nê — I will eat for (you)

jə·kə·θāˀ·wîˀ — I will sing

jə·kə·θîˀ·kʰôˀ·sʰā — my headache medicine

jə·mà·kə·mâˀ — I did wrong, I made a mistake

jə·nɔ̂·kə·sâ — myself, by myself (oblique reflexive)

jə·sʰō·jə·kə·môˀ — I think (rare elaborate form)

jə·sʰō·kə·môˀ — I think (headed compound form)

jə·sʰō·kə·môˀ — I think

klɛ̄·kə·pà — roadside

kwâ·kə·dā·kè — look back, review

kwɛ̄ˀ·kə·mâˀ — make a mistake in writing

kɔ̄ˀ·kə·lɨ̀ˀ·dɛ̄ˀ — every kind (each ethnic group)

kə — irrealis marker (future, hypothetical, predicted situations)

kə·bâ — must (irrealis)

kə·bâˀ — will have to, must (irrealis)

kə·bā·kè — will worship (again)

kə·bûˀ·tʰū·bā·jwà — worship God

kə·dɨ̄ˀ·kū·kà·tʰɔ̂ˀ — dress up

kə·hɛ̄ — will come, would come

kə·jìˀ — will take (time); approximately (of time; with kə- for estimation)

kə·jìˀ·wɛ̄ — lasted (approximately)

kə·kè — would return

kə·klɔ̄ — to slash, to cut

kə·klɛ̀·nē — will arrange for

kə·kwâ·sʰō·kə·môˀ·dīˀ — will still consider it (Ballard 1973b)

kə·kɔ̄ — will be difficult, would be difficult

kə·kɛ̄ — will be

kə·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ — will become

kə·kʰīˀ·nê — will get dark on (them) (malefactive)

kə·kʰɨ̄ — will be glad

kə·lɔ̀·mâ·nê·kwìˀ — would disappear on them

kə·lɛ̀ — will go

kə·mà·wɛ̄ — will do (with coreference marker)

kə·nê — will be able to

kə·nê·bâˀ — will get (opportunity)

kə·plâ·nê — will release for (us)

kə·plɛ̄ — will permit

kə·pɣè·tʰɔ̂ˀ — will start calling (example 797)

kə·pʰlāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — will dig up (with hoe)

kə·pʰɛ̄ˀ·lɔ̀ — will clear (a field)

kə·pʰɣī — will be light

kə·sāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — will start

kə·sʰɔ̄·tə·lɛ̄ — will change

kə·tɛ̀·pʰāˀ — will crack

kə·tʰîˀ — will see

kə·tʰɔ̂ˀ·pʰō·nê·mā·lɔ̀ˀ — marry and raise families with each other (irrealis prefix precedes elaborate expression, reciprocal follows)

kə·tʰɔ̄ — approximately (of length; with kə- for estimation)

kə·wì — will finish (optional kə-)

kə·xē·tʰɔ̄ — will dry up

kə·ʔā·nê — will be more than

kə·ʔôˀ — will be/exist (irrealis)

kə·ʔôˀ·kə·sʰōˀ — will live (elaborate expression with irrealis marker)

kə·ʔôˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — there will be (with coreference marker)

kə·ʔɛ̂ˀ — will love

kə·θē — will be able to

kə·θûˀ·lɔ̀ — will plant

kə·bɔ̄ — ship

kə·bɔ̄·jù — airplane

kə·bɣāˀ — be tender, be soft

kə·dā — reversal marker (used with kè for emphasis; not independent)

kə·dā·kè — return (emphatic form of kè)

kə·dôˀ — bundle (arrangement classifier)

kə·dɔ̄ˀ — again (verb; possibly from kè 'return' + dɔ̄ˀ 'again')

kə·dɛ̄·kə·dɛ̄ — mutually (reduplicated reciprocal adverb)

kə·dɨ̄ — shade

kə·jà — hundred

kə·jɔ̄·kə·jɔ̄ — slowly (adverbial use of reduplicated form)

kə·kwɛ̂ — million

kə·là — mirror (second element?)

kə·làˀ — intensifier

kə·lāˀ — ten thousand

kə·lì — air, wind

kə·lì·hɛ̄ — it is windy

kə·lūˀ — angel

kə·lɔ̀ — python

kə·lɔ̀·bɔ̄ — Burmese python

kə·lɔ̂ — hundred thousand

kə·lɔ̄ — be empty, free; V for free, without receiving anything in return (adverbial modifier)

kə·lə̀ — be warm

kə·lɛ̀ˀ — intensifier used with reduplicated verbs (high degree)

kə·lɨ̀ˀ — kind, type, ethnicity; classifier for kinds

kə·lɨ̀ˀ·dûˀ — tribe

kə·lɨ̂ — sound, voice

kə·mâ — debt, money owed

kə·mâˀ — be wrong, be incorrect; V incorrectly, V by mistake (adverbial modifier)

kə·mlə̂ — public, audience; civilian

kə·môˀ — think (second element of sʰō-kəmôˀ)

kə·mûˀ — powder

kə·mɣī — smile (second element?)

kə·nâˀ — listen

kə·nɔ̀ — young (in 'young woman')

kə·nɛ̄ — bee

kə·nɛ̄·sɔ̄ — honey

kə·pà — side; beside (relator noun)

kə·pìˀ — clay, mud

kə·pɔ̀ — be light (of day), be bright

kə·pɔ̀·tʰɔ̂ˀ — shine

kə·pɨ̀ˀ — be soft

kə·pʰō — blister, sore

kə·rû — group

kə·rû·pù — inside the group

kə·rû·pʰō — small group

kə·rə̄ — group

kə·rə̄·pʰō — member

kə·sâ — lord (title of respect); physical body (opposite of θāˀ 'soul/heart')

kə·sâ·jwà — Lord God

kə·sâ·θāˀ — self (combined form, used in spoken language)

kə·sâ·θāˀ — self (body-heart)

kə·sɔ̂ˀ — news (second element)

kə·sɔ̄·dɔ̄ — indeed, truly, properly (partially reduplicated adverb)

kə·sə̂ — mountain

kə·sə̂·kə·sʰūˀ — mountain pass

kə·sə̂·kʰôˀ — mountain top

kə·sɨ̄·dɨ̄ — quietly (partially reduplicated adverb)

kə·sɨ̄·dɨ̄·pʰō — quietly

kə·sʰūˀ — between (physical space only; relator noun); middle (in compounds)

kə·sʰɔ̄ — elephant

kə·sʰɔ̄·mì — wild elephant

kə·sʰɔ̄·mɛ̄ — elephant tusk

kə·sʰɔ̄·pʰā — male elephant (pʰā only in compounds)

kə·sʰɔ̄·pʰā·tî — male elephant

kə·sʰɔ̄·ɣɔ̂ — elephant herd

kə·sʰɣɔ̄ — be clean

kə·sʰɣɛ̄·kə·sʰɣɔ̄ — be very clean (elaborate variant of kəsʰɣɔ̄)

kə·tìˀ·kə·tùˀ — be crowded (elaborate expression)

kə·tò — speak, talk

kə·tò·lō — practice speaking

kə·tò·sʰūˀ·kə·tò·sʰā·bâˀ — hurt verbally (elaborate expression)

kə·tò·ʔə̄·kə·tò·θɔ̄ — speak evil (of someone) (6-syllable elaborate expression)

kə·tɔ̀ — preserve (first element)

kə·tɔ̀·kè — preserve, keep (verb)

kə·tɔ̀·tâ — speak, talk

kə·tɔ̂ — juncture, time (second element in sʰə̄-kətɔ̂); period, season

kə·tə̂ — end, finish (intransitive verb); superlative marker (immediately follows descriptive verb)

kə·tə̂·wɛ̄·dâˀ — ends (with coreference marker)

kə·tɛ̀ˀ·kə·tɔ̀ — prepare, arrange

kə·tɛ̀ˀ·kə·tɔ̀·pàˀ·nə·θāˀ — prepare yourself (prototypical reflexive)

kə·tɛ̀ˀ·kə·tɔ̀·tʰɔ̂ˀ — prepare, get ready

kə·tɛ̀ˀ·kə·tɔ̀·xàˀ — arrange, prepare and leave in place

kə·tʰō — thousand (numeric classifier)

kə·wɛ̀ — catch fish with a hand net

kə·wɛ̀·ʔɔ̂ˀ — catch fish with hand nets (for eating)

kə·ɲɔ̄ — Karen (people)

kə·ɲɔ̄·klòˀ — Karen language

kə·ɲɔ̄·kɔ̂·sɛ̂ˀ — Kayin State

kə·ɲɔ̄·pʰō — Karen people

kə·ɲɔ̄·sɣɔ̀ — Sgaw Karen

kə·ʔō — cavity, hole

kə·θêˀ — horse

kə·θîˀ — medicine

kə·θîˀ·dɔ̄·θə·də̄ — vaccine, vaccination; protection

kə·θîˀ·kə·θɔ̄ — medicine (partial reduplication compound; does not occur with separating element)

kə·θîˀ·θə·râˀ — doctor

kə·θū — curry

kə·θɔ̄ — medicine (elaborate partner of kəθîˀ)

kʰī·kə·tʰō — two thousand (2020)

kʰlɔ̄·kə·bɣāˀ — boil until tender (e.g., meat)

kʰlɨ̄ˀ·sʰə̄·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·kə·tɔ̂ˀ — be up to date (elaborate expression)

kʰɔ̂ˀ·tʰīˀ·kə·tə̂ — first (superlative)

kʰɔ̄·pʰlō·lə̄·sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̂·kʰɛ̄·ʔì·ʔə·mà·tâ — because he does that now (LTP.D)

lìˀ·kə·ɲɔ̄ — Karen script, Karen alphabet

lôˀ·bâˀ·lòˀ·θāˀ·kə·dɛ̄·kə·dɛ̄ — need each other (Hill 2023)

lɔ̂·kə·wɔ̀ — local, locality, area

lə̂·kə·ʔō — cave

lə̄·kə·θûˀ·lɔ̀·bɨ̄·ʔə·ɣɔ̂ — for planting upland rice (purposive clause with lə̄ and ɣɔ̂)

lɛ̂·kə·tə̂ — widest, biggest

mà·kə·lɔ̄ — do for free

mà·kə·mâˀ — make a mistake

mà·kə·mâˀ·bâˀ — make a mistake (unexpectedly)

mà·kə·sʰɣɔ̄ — clean, make clean

mà·là·kə·pɔ̀ — celebrate

mə̄·ʔə·pʰō·pʰɨ̄ˀ·kə·nɛ̄·hāˀ — have the son smoke away the bees (Ratanakul 1981)

mɛ̀ˀ·tʰī·kə·là — mirror

mɨ̀ˀ·kə·tə̂ — most enjoyable

mɨ̂ˀ·kə·nɔ̀ — unmarried girl, young woman

nāˀ·nāˀ·kə·lɛ̀ˀ — seriously, severely

nê·kə·lɔ̄ — get for free

nì·kə·mɣī — smile (v.)

nɔ̂·kə·sâ·θāˀ — self (variant)

nə·kə·bâˀ — you will have to (reply fragment)

nə·kə·blā·kè·dâˀ·wɛ̄ — you will recover

nə·kə·dōˀ·nê·bâˀ — you will receive/get (opportunity)

nə·kə·hāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — you will go away

nə·kə·kə·tò — you will speak

nə·kə·kə̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ — you will pry up, you will stand up

nə·kə·lɛ̀ — you will go

nə·kə·mà — you will do

nə·kə·sʰō·kə·môˀ — you would think

nə·kə·tɨ̀ — you will reach

nə·kə·tʰîˀ — you will see

nə·kə·tɛ̀ˀ·kə·tɔ̀·pàˀ — you prepare (for later)

nə·pīˀ·kə·dā·kè — you closed again

nə·sʰō·kə·môˀ — you think

nə·tâ·sʰō·kə·môˀ — your thoughts

nə·tâ·sʰō·kə·môˀ·lə̄·ʔə·bâˀ·xāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·tâ·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·θāˀ — your thoughts about that incident

nə·tə·mà·kə·dɔ̄ˀ·lə̀ — you won't do again

pàˀ·kə·pʰə̄·lɔ̀·kè — be proud of

pàˀ·kə·dā·kè — put back

pīˀ·kə·dā·kè — close again, close back (event-oriented: V again)

pə·kə·bâ — we must

pə·kə·bâˀ — we must

pə·kə·kwâ·kə·dā·kè — We'll review (example 811)

pə·kə·lɛ̀ — we will go

pə·kə·sʰā — we will be sick

pə·kə·sâ — our body

pə·nɔ̂·kə·sâ — ourselves, by ourselves (oblique reflexive)

pə·pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄·pʰō — us Karen people

pə̄·kə·dɔ̄ˀ — rule again

pɣà·kə·wɛ̀·ʔɔ̂ˀ·tâ — people who catch fish with hand nets (relative clause without lə̄)

pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄ — Karen person

pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄·kə·lɨ̀ˀ — Karen people

pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄·pʰō — Karen people

pɣà·lɔ̂·kə·wɔ̀·pʰō — villagers

pɣà·pɔ̀ˀ·mɨ̂ˀ·lə̄·ʔə·mɨ̂ˀ·kə·nɔ̀ — unmarried woman

pɣà·ɣɛ̀·kə·lîˀ·pʰō — dancer

pɣà·kə·mlə̂ — public, audience

pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄ — Karen person, Karen people; Karen language

pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄·klòˀ — Karen language

pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄·lə̄·ʔə·sē·kə·ʔā·nê·nà — people who have more money than you (possessor relativization)

pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄·pʰō — Karen people

pɣè·kə·mâˀ — buy the wrong thing

pʰɛ̄·mū·kʰôˀ·sù·ʔə·sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̂ — when it rains (with sʰə̄.kətɔ̂)

rē·dôˀ·kə·tə̂ — most important, extremely important

sʰā·kə·tə̂ — most (harmful), the most

sʰō·kə·môˀ — think (coordinate compound)

sʰō·kə·môˀ — think

sʰɔ̄·ɲâˀ·kə·θū — chicken curry

sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̂ — time (coordinate compound that rarely splits)

sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̀ — relator noun 'time' (common noun, less frequent as relator)

sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̂ — time (independent noun, relator noun)

tâ·kə·dɨ̄·làˀ — shade, shaded area

tâ·kə·mûˀ — dust

tâ·kə·pɔ̀ — it is light (not dark)

tâ·kə·sʰɣɔ̄ — cleanliness

tâ·sʰɛ̄ˀ·kə·θîˀ·dɔ̄·θə·də̄ — vaccination

tâ·θāˀ·kʰɨ̄·kə·sɔ̂ˀ — good news

tâ·θāˀ·swī·kə·tɨ̀ — resilience

tâ·kə·dɨ̄ — shade

tâ·kə·dɨ̄·làˀ — shade, shaded area

tâ·kə·sɔ̂ˀ — news, story, information

tâ·kə·tò — word, phrase

tâ·sù·kʰā·kə·tɔ̂·mê·wì — when the rainy season is over (news article)

tâ·sʰō·kə·môˀ — thought (n.)

tâ·sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̂ — time

tâ·ɣê·tâ·klò·lə̄·ʔə·bâˀ·tʰwɛ̄·dɔ̄ˀ·pə·pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄·pʰō — information related to us Karen

tû·bâˀ·kə·dā·kè — suffer in return, suffer consequences

tə·kə·lɨ̀ˀ — one kind, any kind, a kind of people

tə·kə·pà — one side

tə·mà·kə·mâˀ — not do wrong things

tə·ɣè·bâˀ·kə·tə̂ — worst (superlative of negative)

tə·pɔ̄·kə·sʰɣɔ̄ — not very clean

tɨ̀·xɔ̀·kə·dɔ̄ˀ — arrive again, then (example 788)

tɨ̀·lə̄·nə·θāˀ·mī·māˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·nə·kə·hāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — only when you're satisfied you will leave (Karen sermon)

tʰɔ̄ˀ·ɲâˀ·kə·θū — pork curry

tʰɨ̄·kə·pʰâˀ — (elaborate element in 'pray')

xē·bā·tʰɨ̄·kə·pʰâˀ·sə̀ — pray for (someone) (with help meaning)

xī·là·kə·tə̂ — most beautiful

ɣè·kə·tə̂ — best

ɣɔ̀·ɣɔ̀·kə·lɛ̀ˀ — very early

ɣɛ̀·kə·lîˀ — dance (v.)

ɣɨ̀ˀ·kə·tò — try hard to speak, try to get a word in

ɲâˀ·pʰō·kə·θū — fish curry

ɲā·bɔ̂ˀ·kə·tə̂ — youngest

ʔêˀ·ʔêˀ·kə·lɛ̀ˀ — very sharp

ʔôˀ·kə·tìˀ·kə·tùˀ — be crowded, be crammed together

ʔôˀ·kə·tɛ̀ˀ·kə·tɔ̀·tʰɔ̂ˀ — are prepared

ʔôˀ·kə·tɛ̀ˀ·kə·tɔ̀·tʰɔ̂ˀ·ʔə·θāˀ — be prepared (resulting state)

ʔɔ̂ˀ·kə·mâˀ — eat the wrong thing, eat something bad

ʔə·kə·mà — he does/will do

ʔə·dôˀ·kə·tə̂ — biggest

ʔə·kə·kwɛ̄ˀ — he may be writing

ʔə·kə·nê·bâˀ — he/she will get (opportunity)

ʔə·kə·ʔôˀ — she may be

ʔə·kə·lɨ̀ˀ·kə·lɨ̀ˀ — various kinds, several kinds

ʔə·kə·lɨ̂ — its sound, her voice

ʔə·kə·sâ·θāˀ — himself (body-heart)

ʔə·lɛ̂·kə·tə̂ — widest

ʔə·sɣà·kə·tə̂ — at least

ʔə·sʰō·kə·tə̂ — first (lit., its earliest)

ʔə·sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̂ — the time of (headed compound form)

ʔə·sʰə̄·ʔə·kə·tɔ̂ — the time of (rare elaborate form)

ʔə·sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̂ — its time, during, the time of, when

ʔə·ɣè·kə·tə̂ — best (superlative)

θāˀ·swī·kə·tɨ̀ — be resilient

θē·kə·sʰɣɔ̄ — wash clean (example 684)

θē·xə̀·kə·sʰɣɔ̄ — wash clean

θē·xə̀·kə·sʰɣɔ̄·kwìˀ·dâˀ — wash clean away (example 680)

θə·pɣâ·kə·tə̂ — really, definitely

kə̀ˀ

particle in past time expressions (e.g., məhā.kə̀ˀ 'yesterday')

kʰɛ̄·kə̀ˀ — next (in temporal phrases)

kʰɛ̄·kə̀ˀ·tə·lā — next month

mə·hā·kə̀ˀ — yesterday

mə·hō·kə̀ˀ — last year

mɨ̄·kə̀ˀ — just now

tɛ̄·tâ·bâˀ·xāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·mə·hā·kə̀ˀ — talking about yesterday (noun omitted)

kə̂

bank (first element?)

kə̂·nì — river bank

kə̂ˀ

be lazy, be bored

kə̂ˀ·nê — lazier than

kə̂ˀ·nê·dīˀ — lazier than

tâ·kə̂ˀ·jə·θāˀ — I am bored

kə̄

cast (metal), mould

kə̄·jɨ̀ — assist in casting (e.g., drum)

kə̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ — pry up, lift up

nə·kə·kə̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ — you will pry up, you will stand up

pɣà·kə̄·klôˀ — drum maker

kɛ̂

so (hesitation/filler word, interjection)

kɛ̂ˀ

hɔ̄·kɛ̂ˀ·sʰōˀ — too salty

kɛ̂ˀ·sʰōˀ — excessively, beyond what is fit or desirable (adverb)

mā·kɛ̂ˀ — market

ʔā·kɛ̂ˀ·sʰōˀ — too many, too much

kɛ̄

be alive, be well and strong
have the strength to, be physically/mentally capable (verb of possibility)
semi-copula 'act as, function as, have properties of, become'
so (sentence-initial interjection)

dɨ̄ˀ·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kè·wɛ̄ — recreated (with coreference marker)

jə·kɛ̄·nê — act as for

jə·kɛ̄·tê — I was (in the past)

jə·tə·kɛ̄ — I am not

kə·kɛ̄ — will be

kə·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ — will become

kɛ̄·dôˀ — be well-off, rich (short form)

kɛ̄·dôˀ·kɛ̄·pɣâ — be well-off, rich (elaborate expression)

kɛ̄·ʔêˀ — act as for (with benefactive, N.Thailand); be (as enemy) (malefactive, N.Thailand)

kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ — become, occur, happen, be formed

kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·bâˀ — become (leaders)

kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — turn into (with negative connotation, e.g., ashes)

kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·nê — become for (us)

kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·sê·kɔ̄ˀ — also occurred

kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·ʔə·θāˀ — happen (anticausative)

kɛ̄·wɛ̄ — hesitation marker/filler

kɛ̄·wɛ̄·dâˀ — hesitation marker/filler with dâˀ

lɛ̄·kɛ̄ — Leke religion

mà·nê·ʔɔ̂ˀ·kɛ̄ — prosperity (lit., do-get-eat-able)

nə·tâ·sʰō·kə·môˀ·lə̄·ʔə·bâˀ·xāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·tâ·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·θāˀ — your thoughts about that incident

pàˀ·kɛ̄ — respect (lit., put someone in state of well-being)

pàˀ·kɛ̄ — respect

pʰīˀ·tə·kɛ̄·mà·tə·kɛ̄ — is unable to work (6-syllable elaborate expression with negation)

tâ·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·θāˀ — incident, event

tə·kɛ̄ — cannot, not able to (negative + ability verb)

tɨ̀·mê·klôˀ·ʔə·kê·ʔə·ɣɔ̀·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·tə·sɨ̄ — once the drum-casting mould has been formed (Karen drum)

ʔə·dɨ̄ˀ·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·sê·kɔ̄ˀ — also causes

ʔə·kɛ̄ — it is, it acts as

ʔə·kɛ̄·ʔêˀ — are for (us) (as enemy) (malefactive)

kɨ̀

mushroom
be diffused (in kɨ̀.lɔ̀ 'throughout')

θə·kɨ̀ — throughout (verb-derived preposition; 'be diffused throughout')

kɨ̂

bake, fire
burn (something)

kʰâˀ

be bitter (in name)

tʰôˀ·lwî·kʰâˀ — Bitter Dove (personal name in story)

kʰā

time (relator noun used in temporal clauses)
classifier for abstract nouns and small pieces/chunks (< 'step'?)
generic classifier
lord, master (in compounds)

kʰā·sʰū·ɲā — future (time-to-front)

kʰā·sʰū·ɲā — future

pɣà·lə̄·ʔə·bā·θɔ̄·kʰā — people who worship monks (Buddhists)

pʰɛ̄·jə·ʔôˀ·tə·sʰûˀ·bâˀ·ʔə·kʰā — when I am sick (temporal clause with negated verb)

pʰɛ̄·nə·lɛ̀·ʔə·kʰā — when you go (temporal clause with relator noun)

tâ·sù·kʰā — rainy season

tâ·sù·kʰā·kə·tɔ̂·mê·wì — when the rainy season is over (news article)

tâ·ɣû·kʰā — winter

tə·kʰā — one (classifier for abstract things, pieces, items)

tə·kʰā·kʰā — some

tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·jə·hɛ̄·dīˀ·bâˀ·ʔə·kʰā — before I came here (with optional components omitted)

ʔì·kʰā — this (thing)

ʔə·kʰā — its time, the time of, the time when (relator noun with clausal possessor)

ʔə·kʰā — its time, at the time of

θɔ̄·kʰā — monk (from Sanskrit sangha)

θɔ̄·kʰā·pʰāˀ·dôˀ — abbot

kʰāˀ

shoot (verb)
chair

jə·kʰāˀ·nê — I shoot (and get)

kʰāˀ·bâˀ — shoot (and hit)

kʰāˀ·jɨ̀ — assist in hunting (accompany and help)

kʰāˀ·sō — shoot above (an object)

kʰāˀ·sʰêˀ·nɔ̀ — chair

kʰāˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ — shoot to eat

kʰāˀ·θī — shoot to kill

kʰāˀ·tâ — shooting, shooter (shoot-thing)

lù·kʰāˀ — chase and shoot (example 637)

lù·kʰāˀ·wɛ̄ — chased and shot at (with coreference marker)

lɛ̀·hāˀ·kʰāˀ·θə·kōˀ — go hunting together (prior motion + concurrent action + compound)

pɣà·kʰāˀ·tâ — shooter, gunman

tâ·lù·kʰāˀ·wɛ̄·θō·lêˀ — the car was being chased and shot at (agent backgrounding with tâ)

kʰē

tiger

dōˀ·ʔêˀ·ʔə·θāˀ·lə̄·kʰē — give oneself to be eaten by a tiger (Wade 1897)

kʰē·jɨ̂ — lion

kʰēˀ

cake (in compound)

kôˀ·kʰēˀ — cake, snack

kʰī

two (numeral)
rear, behind, after, later (relator noun)
back part, source, buttocks

jə·kʰī — after me, with me

kʰī·kə·tʰō — two thousand (2020)

kʰī·nîˀ — two years (2020)

kʰī·sʰī — twenty

lɔ̂·kʰī — back part, behind (spatial); after (temporal) (relator noun: lɔ̂ 'place' + kʰī 'rear')

lə̄·kʰī — later

nə·kʰī — your rear, yourself

nə·pʰlɔ̂ˀ·kʰī — your trousers (example 777)

pòˀ·lòˀ·ʔə·kʰī — follow each other (with kʰī as object, not θāˀ)

pʰlɔ̂ˀ·kʰī — trousers, pants

pʰlɔ̂ˀ·kʰī·pʰō — underwear

pʰlɔ̂ˀ·kʰī·tʰə̂ˀ — trouser pocket

pʰɛ̄·jə·ʔɔ̂ˀ·mè·wì·ʔə·lɔ̂·kʰī — after I have eaten (with relator noun lɔ̂.kʰī)

sɛ̄ˀ·kʰī — be late

ʔə·kʰī — his rear, him (after him); each other's rear (with reciprocal)

ʔə·lɔ̂·kʰī — its back, after

θū·mwɛ̄·kʰī·tʃō — Thoo Mweh Khee School

kʰīˀ

be dark

kə·kʰīˀ·nê — will get dark on (them) (malefactive)

kʰīˀ·lɔ̀ — get darker

kʰīˀ·nê — darkness comes over (someone) (malefactive)

mɛ̀ˀ·kʰīˀ·θū — be dizzy

tâ·kʰīˀ — darkness (nominalized); it is dark (impersonal)

tâ·kʰīˀ — darkness

kʰlē

be fast, be quick
functions as adverb with clausal subject

kʰlē·kʰlē — quickly

kʰlē·kʰlē — quickly, soon (reduplicated adverb)

pə·tâ·ʔôˀ·sʰûˀ·ʔôˀ·kʰlē — our health

tə·kʰlē — not fast

ʔôˀ·sʰûˀ·ʔôˀ·kʰlē — be healthy (elaborate expression)

kʰlîˀ

be cold (of liquids, weather)

kʰlîˀ·kʰlîˀ — properly chilled, relatively cold (reduplicated form)

lə̄·ʔə·kʰlîˀ — cold one (relativized noun omitted, inferred from context)

nə·tʰī·kʰlîˀ — your cold drink (example 681)

tâ·kʰlîˀ — coldness, temperature

ʔə·kʰlîˀ — it is cold

ʔə·tâ·kʰlîˀ — its coldness, temperature

kʰlī

boat
seed, ball (in mɛ̀ˀ.kʰlī 'eyeball')

bɨ̄·kʰlī — rice seed

jə·mɛ̀ˀ·kʰlī — my eye

klō·kʰlī — bullet

kʰlī·pʰō — small boat

mɛ̀ˀ·kʰlī — eye (lit., eye-ball)

mɛ̀ˀ·kʰlī·pʰō — little eyes

pə·mɛ̀ˀ·kʰlī — our eyes

tâ·kʰlī — seed

tʰō·kʰlī — raft

kʰlɔ̄

boil (v.)

kʰlɔ̄·kə·bɣāˀ — boil until tender (e.g., meat)

kʰlə̄

outside (relator noun
< 'back (anat.)', 'surface')
surface, back (anat.)

hɔ̂ˀ·kʰôˀ·kʰlə̄ — Earth, world (elaborate form)

jə·kʰlə̄·xī — my back

kʰlə̄·xī — back (body part)

tâ·kʰlə̄ — outside

kʰlɨ̂ˀ

cluster (arrangement classifier)

kʰlɨ̄ˀ

catch up with, reach (main verb, takes kʰī 'rear' as object)
have time enough to, be free, have time (verb of possibility)
reach, attain

kʰlɨ̄ˀ·sò — be modern

kʰlɨ̄ˀ·sʰə̄·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·kə·tɔ̂ˀ — be up to date (elaborate expression)

lù·kʰlɨ̄ˀ — chase and catch

pə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ — we catch up

pə·tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·nê — we didn't catch up with

tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ — before (clause-complement-taking verb)

tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·dīˀ·lə̄·nə·tɨ̀·wɛ̄·dâˀ·dīˀ·bâˀ — before you have reached your goals yet (Vlog)

tə·θêˀ·ɲā·kʰlɨ̄ˀ — didn't notice, didn't know in time

tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ — before, not yet (lit., not having reached); takes complement clause

tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·dīˀ·lə̄ — before (with continuative dīˀ)

tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·jə·hɛ̄·dīˀ·bâˀ·ʔə·kʰā — before I came here (with optional components omitted)

tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·lə̄·jə·ʔɔ̂ˀ·mè·nêˀ·jə·ʔɔ̄·sʰō·tʰī — before I eat, I first drink water (with sʰō 'first')

tʰîˀ·kʰlɨ̄ˀ — see in time, notice before it's too late

kʰôˀ

head, top part
chief, leader
classifier for trees, bushes, vehicles, rafts, long objects

dôˀ·tɨ̀ˀ·kʰôˀ·pɣɛ̀ — be full-grown, mature (elaborate expression)

hɔ̂ˀ·kʰôˀ — ground, earth, soil, world

hɔ̂ˀ·kʰôˀ·pʰlə̂ˀ — earth, ground

hɔ̂ˀ·kʰôˀ·kʰlə̄ — Earth, world (elaborate form)

jə·hɔ̂ˀ·kʰôˀ — my ground

jə·kə·θîˀ·kʰôˀ·sʰā — my headache medicine

jə·kʰôˀ — my head

jə·kʰôˀ·nùˀ — my brain, my intelligence

jə·kʰôˀ·sʰûˀ — my hair

kɔ̂·kʰôˀ — president

kə·sə̂·kʰôˀ — mountain top

kʰôˀ·nâ — leader (head-ear)

kʰôˀ·nùˀ — brain

kʰôˀ·wīˀ — Covid

kʰôˀ·θâˀ·lò — head surface

kʰôˀ·θâˀ·xī·sʰûˀ — hair (on head)

kʰôˀ·θū — hair

mū·kʰôˀ — sky, heaven

mū·kʰôˀ·tʰī — rainwater

pə·kʰôˀ — our head

pə·pʰɔ̄·kʰôˀ — above us

pɣà·hɔ̂ˀ·kʰôˀ·pʰō — people of the earth

pɣà·kʰôˀ·pɣà·nâ — leader

pʰɔ̄·kʰôˀ — above, space above (relator noun; pʰɔ̄ 'granary?' + kʰôˀ 'head')

pʰɛ̄·mū·kʰôˀ·sù·ʔə·sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̂ — when it rains (with sʰə̄.kətɔ̂)

tə·kʰôˀ — one pair (e.g., shoes); one (classifier for cars, vehicles)

tʰwîˀ·hɔ̂ˀ·kʰôˀ — fox (lit., dog-earth?)

ʔə·kʰôˀ — their heads, their chief, their leader

ʔə·kʰôˀ·sōˀ — its top, its tip

ʔə·kʰôˀ·nùˀ — their brains, their intelligence

θêˀ·kʰôˀ·sʰə̂ˀ — tree stump

θū·kʰôˀ·mɨ̂ˀ — unbeliever, non-Christian

θə·râˀ·tʃō·kʰôˀ — principal, head teacher

θɨ̄ˀ·kʰôˀ — army head, commanding officer

θɨ̄ˀ·kʰôˀ·dôˀ — senior officer

kʰō

nɔ̂·kʰō — body

sāˀ·kʰō — paper

sāˀ·kʰō·kē — shred of paper

kʰōˀ

wait
mango (in θəkʰōˀ)
watch, lie in wait for, guard

ʔôˀ·kʰōˀ — be watching, be waiting for

ʔôˀ·kʰōˀ — wait (verb)

θə·kʰōˀ·tʰûˀ — mango tree (θəkʰōˀ only in compounds)

θə·kʰōˀ·θâˀ — mango

kʰûˀ

dig
wind (verb)

kʰûˀ·lɔ̀ — dig (down)

lɨ̂ˀ·kʰûˀ — ball of thread

tâ·kʰûˀ·tʰū — gold mining

kʰū

city (only in compounds with wê)

kʰū·θûˀ — purposive modifier (V secretly)

kʰū·wê — city (synonymous type coordinate compound; kʰū only in compounds)

kʰū·θûˀ — be hidden, be secret; V secretly (adverbial modifier)

sîˀ·kʰū·θûˀ — flee in secret

ʔôˀ·kʰū·θûˀ — be hiding, be hidden

ʔə·kʰū·ʔə·wê — their cities (elaborate expression from kʰū-wê)

ʔɛ̂ˀ·kʰū·θûˀ — secretly love

kʰūˀ

tə·kʰūˀ — lizard

tə·kʰūˀ·ɲâˀ — lizard meat

kʰwâˀ

man (second element)

bâˀ·tâ·mà·sʰûˀ·ʔɔ̀·lə̄·pɣà·pòˀ·kʰwâˀ·tə·ɣà — is attacked by a man (agent in oblique phrase)

pòˀ·kʰwâˀ — man, male

pòˀ·kʰwâˀ·pʰō — boy

pɣà·pòˀ·kʰwâˀ — men

kʰwā

male (marker for humans)
cousin
used as first-person familiar pronoun or term of address for same-age unrelated persons

dē·kʰwā — younger brother

jə·dɔ̄·pɨ̂·wɛ̂·kʰwā — my brother

jə·pʰō·kʰwā — my son

jə·tə·kʰwā — my cousin

jə·wɛ̂·kʰwā — my older brother

nə·dɔ̄·pɨ̂·wɛ̂·kʰwā — your brother

pòˀ·kʰwā — man

pɔ̀ˀ·kʰwā — man

pʰō·kʰwā — son

pʰō·θâˀ·kʰwā — young man (in 896)

tə·kʰwā — cousin

wɛ̂·kʰwā — older brother (formal term)

ʔə·pò·kʰwā — man, husband

kʰwāˀ

dish, plate
cup, glass
cupful (measure/classifier)

tə·kʰwāˀ — one cup

kʰwɛ̄

tə·kʰwɛ̄ — fish (v.)

tə·kʰwɛ̄·bō — fishing rod

tə·kʰwɛ̄·ʔɔ̂ˀ — fish (v.)

kʰwɛ̄ˀ

fry (verb)
right, permission, opportunity (in compounds)

jə·kʰwɛ̄ˀ — my right, my permission

pə·tâ·kʰwɛ̄ˀ·tâ·jàˀ — our right

ʔə·kʰwɛ̄ˀ·jàˀ — its opportunity, opportunities

kʰɔ̂ˀ

leg, foot
submit (self to V) (in reflexive compounds)

kʰɔ̂ˀ·pʰīˀ — shoe

kʰɔ̂ˀ·θī — submit to die, die willingly

kʰɔ̂ˀ·θī·θāˀ — submit to die, die willingly (for a cause)

kʰɔ̂ˀ·jɔ̂ — foot (measurement)

kʰɔ̂ˀ·pʰī — coffee

kʰɔ̂ˀ·pʰīˀ — shoe

kʰɔ̂ˀ·pʰjū·tʰə̂ˀ — computer (example 832)

kʰɔ̂ˀ·tʰīˀ — first, base, foundation

kʰɔ̂ˀ·tʰīˀ·kə·tə̂ — first (superlative)

lōˀ·kʰɔ̂ˀ·rīˀ — car tyre

sɨ̄·θē·kʰɔ̂ˀ·θē — skilled in handiwork (elaborate expression)

tə·blɔ̄·tə·kʰɔ̂ˀ — sometimes

ʔə·kʰɔ̂ˀ — its foot

ʔə·kʰɔ̂ˀ·tʰīˀ — its base, at the base of

kʰɔ̄

side (classifier for sides, legs)
cross (verb)

jâ·kʰɔ̄·jâ·kʰɔ̄ — both sides, bilaterally

jwà·kʰɔ̄·pʰlō·wɛ̄ — flows through (with coreference marker)

kʰɔ̄·pə·nìˀ — company

kʰɔ̄·pə·ɲɔ̄ — meaning, I mean

kʰɔ̄·pʰîˀ — coffee (loanword)

kʰɔ̄·pʰlō — go through, pass through (verb); because (causal adverbializer); through (directional)

kʰɔ̄·pʰlō·lə̄ — because (common causal expression)

kʰɔ̄·pʰlō·lə̄·sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̂·kʰɛ̄·ʔì·ʔə·mà·tâ — because he does that now (LTP.D)

kʰɔ̄·pʰlō·lə̄ — because (causal adverbializer, full form)

lɔ̄·kʰɔ̄ — dish

lɛ̀·kʰɔ̄·pʰlō — experience (go-through?)

mɨ̂·sʰā·kʰɔ̄ — daytime (sun-dawn-side)

tâ·lɛ̀·kʰɔ̄·pʰlō — experience (noun)

tə·kʰɔ̄ — one side

tə·kʰɔ̄ — contrastive particle: instead, ahead, contrary

kʰɔ̄ˀ

θə·kʰɔ̄ˀ — mango (tree)

θə·kʰɔ̄ˀ·θâˀ — mango (fruit)

θə·kʰɔ̄ˀ·θâˀ — mango

kʰə

kʰə·rìˀ — Christ

pɣà·kʰə·rìˀ·pʰō — Christian

kʰə̂ˀ

width
represent (first element?)

kʰə̂ˀ·sāˀ — represent

ʔə·kʰə̂ˀ·sāˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — it represents (with coreference marker)

ʔə·tə·kʰə̂ˀ·sāˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — it doesn't represent

kʰɛ̄

be difficult (elaborate partner of kɔ̄)
short interval, moment (in temporal adverbial phrases)

bâˀ·kɔ̄·bâˀ·kʰɛ̄ — face hardship, be in trouble (elaborate expression)

kɔ̄·kɔ̄·kʰɛ̄·kʰɛ̄ — difficult (reduplicated elaborate)

kɔ̄·kʰɛ̄ — difficult

kʰɔ̄·pʰlō·lə̄·sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̂·kʰɛ̄·ʔì·ʔə·mà·tâ — because he does that now (LTP.D)

kʰɛ̄·lə̀ˀ — all (adverbial particle, modifies subject or object depending on context)

kʰɛ̄·lɛ̂ˀ — when (question word)

kʰɛ̄·mə·sʰêˀ — tomorrow

kʰɛ̄·tə·sʰêˀ — day after tomorrow

kʰɛ̄·kòˀ — in a while, later

kʰɛ̄·kə̀ˀ — next (in temporal phrases)

kʰɛ̄·kə̀ˀ·tə·lā — next month

kʰɛ̄·lə̀ˀ — all (adverbial particle modifying subject or object depending on context)

kʰɛ̄·lə̀ˀ·kʰɛ̄·sʰē — all, everything (elaborate variant of kʰɛ̄.lə̀ˀ)

kʰɛ̄·mə·hā — this evening (example 740)

kʰɛ̄·mɨ̂·sʰêˀ — tomorrow (example 722)

kʰɛ̄·ʔì — now

kʰɛ̄·ʔì·kʰɛ̄·ʔì — often (lit., now this now this?)

pɣà·bâˀ·kɔ̄·bâˀ·kʰɛ̄ — refugee (elaborate expression lacking non-elaborate equivalent)

pɣà·bâˀ·kɔ̄·bâˀ·kʰɛ̄ — person in trouble, refugee

tâ·kɔ̄·tâ·kʰɛ̄ — problem, difficulty, hardship

tâ·mà·bâˀ·xāˀ·tâ·mà·sə̀·pɣà·bâˀ·kɔ̄·bâˀ·kʰɛ̄ — work concerned with helping people in trouble (Jones 1961)

kʰɛ̄ˀ

pick out

nɔ̂·kʰɛ̄ˀ·mɛ̄ — toothpick

kʰɨ̂ˀ

be cool, be peaceful

kʰɨ̂ˀ·lɔ̀ — get cooler, cool down

kʰɨ̂ˀ·lɔ̀·kè — cool back down

mɨ̀ˀ·kʰɨ̂ˀ — peaceful, pleasant (verbal coordinate compound)

mɨ̀ˀ·mɨ̀ˀ·kʰɨ̂ˀ·kʰɨ̂ˀ — peacefully, pleasantly

tâ·mɨ̀ˀ·tâ·kʰɨ̂ˀ — peace

tâ·mɨ̀ˀ·tâ·kʰɨ̂ˀ — peace (thing-pleasant-thing-cool)

ʔôˀ·mɨ̀ˀ·ʔôˀ·kʰɨ̂ˀ — be/live in peace (elaborate expression from mɨ̀ˀ-kʰɨ̂ˀ)

kʰɨ̄

be diligent, be industrious, work hard
be happy, be elated

jə·θāˀ·kʰɨ̄ — I am happy

kə·kʰɨ̄ — will be glad

kʰɨ̄·pʰīˀ·kʰɨ̄·mà — be diligent (elaborate expression from pʰīˀ-mà)

pə·mê·kʰɨ̄·māˀ·pə·ʔɔ̂ˀ·bâˀ — only if we work hard, we will get to eat (Karen proverbs)

pə·tâ·θāˀ·kʰɨ̄ — our happiness

tâ·θā·kʰɨ̄ — happiness

tâ·θāˀ·kʰɨ̄ — happiness

tâ·θāˀ·kʰɨ̄·kə·sɔ̂ˀ — good news

θāˀ·kʰɨ̄ — be happy

θāˀ·kʰɨ̄·lə̄ — be happy that (with causal clause)

θāˀ·kʰɨ̄·sə̀ — be happy for (someone) (sharing emotion)

θûˀ·kʰɨ̄·θāˀ·kʰɨ̄ — be happy (elaborate expression with descriptive verb kʰɨ̄ as intervening element)

kʰɨ̄ˀ

upland field, swidden, rice field

kʰɨ̄ˀ·lɔ̂ — upland field, swidden

tâ·mà·kʰɨ̄ˀ — upland field cultivation

tʰôˀ·kʰɨ̄ˀ — plant upland rice (by thrusting hole in ground)

là

be beautiful (elaborate partner in tâ-xī-tɨ̀ˀ-là-tɨ̀ˀ)
culture (in tâ.sʰɛ̄ˀ.tâ.là)
rank (second element in place names)

kwâ·xī·là — find beautiful

kɔ̀·là — foreigner; the West, Western countries

kɔ̀·là·wā — foreign white person, Westerner (example 793)

kɔ̀·là·θū — Indian people

kə·là — mirror (second element?)

lɔ̂·là — rank, title

mà·là·kə·pɔ̀ — celebrate

mɛ̀ˀ·tʰī·kə·là — mirror

pə·tâ·sʰɛ̄ˀ·tâ·là — our culture

tâ·xī·tɨ̀ˀ·là·tɨ̀ˀ — perfection of beauty

xī·tɨ̀ˀ·là·tɨ̀ˀ — perfection of beauty (elaborate expression)

xī·là — be beautiful

xī·là·bâˀ — look beautiful to (someone)

xī·là·kə·tə̂ — most beautiful

làˀ

underside, below, under

kə·làˀ — intensifier

làˀ·pʰāˀ·tʰī — tea

pʰɔ̄·làˀ — below, under, space below (relator noun; pʰɔ̄ 'granary?' + làˀ 'underside')

tâ·kə·dɨ̄·làˀ — shade, shaded area

lâ

custom (in lɨ̂.lâ)
jungle (in pɣâ.lâ.klā)

dɔ̂·lâ — dollar

jə·mɨ̂·lâ — I hope

lɨ̂·lâ — custom, tradition

mɨ̂·lâ — hope (noun/verb)

mɨ̂·lâ·lə̄ — hope that (with irrealis kə- in complement)

pɣâ·lâ·klā — jungle, forest

ʔə·lɨ̂·lâ·tʰū·θə·nū — its traditions, its customs

ʔə·tâ·mɨ̂·lâ — her hope (example 828)

lâˀ

leaf
mature leaf (in compound tâ-lâˀ)

lâˀ·pʰāˀ·tʰī — tea

tâ·dōˀ·tâ·lâˀ — leaf vegetables (parts of whole type coordinate compound)

tâ·dōˀ·tâ·lâˀ — leaf vegetables, greens

θêˀ·lâˀ — tree leaf

lā

month, moon
Lah (part of personal name)
emphatic question particle (contraction of lɔ̀ + ɦā)

kɔ̂·lā — Kaw Lah (place name)

kʰɛ̄·kə̀ˀ·tə·lā — next month

lā·dī·sē·bə̂ˀ — December

lā·jù·lī — July

lā·nôˀ·wē·bə̂ˀ — November

lā·ʔē·pʰrī — April

lā·ʔə̄·pʰrī — April (loanword)

nîˀ·ɦò·lā·ɦò — year (elaborate expression with semantically void ɦò)

nɔ̂·lā — Naw Lah (female name)

nɔ̂·lā·sē·pʰɔ̄ — Naw Lah Say Paw (name)

sɔ̀·lā — Saw Lah (male personal name)

tə·θī·lā·tə·ʔɨ̂ˀ·dīˀ·bâˀ — the sun isn't dead; the moon hasn't rotted yet (proverb: there's still time)

ʔā·nîˀ·ʔā·lā — for ages, many years and months

ʔə·pù·kwìˀ·tə·lā — last month

lāˀ

kə·lāˀ — ten thousand

lè

lè·tə·kè — at all

lêˀ

cart, vehicle

lêˀ·mêˀ·ʔū — train

lêˀ·jɔ̂ — bicycle

lêˀ·mêˀ·ʔū — train (vehicle)

rāˀ·lêˀ — intensifier (Kayin-Tak border youth speech)

tâ·lù·kʰāˀ·wɛ̄·θō·lêˀ — the car was being chased and shot at (agent backgrounding with tâ)

θō·lêˀ — car, vehicle

lē

pə·lē — police

lì

grandchild

dɔ̄·pʰɨ̄·lì — grandfather and grandchild

jə·lì — my grandchild

kə·lì — air, wind

kə·lì·hɛ̄ — it is windy

lì·lì — since (adverbial particle)

pə·pʰō·pə·lì — our children and grandchildren

pʰō·lì — children and grandchildren, descendants (cumulative kinship coordinate compound)

sāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·lə̄·ʔôˀ·pʰlɛ̂ˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·lì·lì — since (you) were born (with both markers)

tâ·pʰō·tâ·lì — material, property, belongings; animal

θôˀ·pʰō·θôˀ·lì — teach the young (A-B-A-C elaborate expression)

lìˀ

book, writing, script, letter

jə·lìˀ — my book

kwɛ̄ˀ·kè·ʔə·lìˀ·pʰāˀ·kè·ʔə·lɛ̂ — write and read their script again (8-syllable elaborate expression)

kwɛ̄ˀ·lìˀ — write (with non-referential object)

lìˀ·dôˀ·lɛ̂·tʰɔ̄ — significant literature (elaborate expression from lìˀ-lɛ̂)

lìˀ·kwɛ̂·kɔ̂ — Kwekor script

lìˀ·kə·ɲɔ̄ — Karen script, Karen alphabet

lìˀ·lɛ̂ — literature, writing (partial reduplication compound; lɛ̂ not independent)

lìˀ·pʰō — little books

lìˀ·rà·lɔ̀ — brochure

lìˀ·sōˀ·plà — inscription

lìˀ·sɔ̄·sʰɣī — Bible, holy book

lìˀ·tâ·plɛ̄ — permit (noun)

lìˀ·ɦò·lɛ̂·ɦò — books, literature (elaborate expression with semantically void ɦò)

lìˀ·θāˀ·wîˀ — hymn book

lìˀ·lɛ̂ — literature, writing

lìˀ·mɛ̀ˀ·pʰlə̂ˀ — letter, character, alphabet

lìˀ·pə·rə̄ — letter (written message)

lìˀ·sɔ̄·sʰɣī — Bible (book-holy)

lìˀ·sʰɔ̄·rɛ̂ˀ — essay

lìˀ·ɲôˀ·θôˀ·dôˀ — curriculum

mə̄·jə·kwɛ̄ˀ·lìˀ·pʰō — ask me to write little books (Jones 1961)

nə·lìˀ — your book

pɣà·kwɛ̄ˀ·lìˀ·pʰō — writer

pʰāˀ·lìˀ — read

tâ·mà·lō·lìˀ — studying

ʔə·lìˀ — his/her book, their writing, their script

ʔə·lìˀ·mɛ̀ˀ·pʰlə̂ˀ — their alphabet, their script

θē·lìˀ·θē·lɛ̂ — be learned, well-read (elaborate expression)

lîˀ

lie (verb, first element in lîˀ-lɔ̄)
squirrel

kwɛ̄ˀ·lîˀ·kwɛ̄ˀ·lɔ̄ — write untruthfully (elaborate expression from lîˀ-lɔ̄)

lîˀ·bū·bâˀ — have ever lied (combination of both experiential markers)

lîˀ·lɔ̄ — lie (verbal coordinate compound; lɔ̄ not independent)

lîˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ — deceive

lîˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ·lɔ̄·ʔɔ̂ˀ — deceive (elaborate variant)

mɛ̄ˀ·kâˀ·lîˀ — Mite Kah-lee (personal name)

pɣà·ɣɛ̀·kə·lîˀ·pʰō — dancer

tɛ̄·lîˀ·tɛ̄·lɔ̄ — tell lies (partial reduplication type elaborate expression); lie, speak untruthfully (elaborate expression from lîˀ-lɔ̄)

tʰôˀ·pʰō·lîˀ·pʰō — birds (elaborate expression; only first component contributes meaning)

tʰôˀ·ɦò·lîˀ·ɦò — birds (elaborate expression with ɦò; group/mass reference)

ɣɛ̀·kə·lîˀ — dance (v.)

ɲâˀ·lîˀ·pʰō — Nyali (name)

lī

new situation marker 'already, now' (iamitive/perfect)

būˀ·kə·bâˀ·lī — it's almost (time) (e.g., five o'clock)

hɛ̄·ʔôˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·nà·nê·θə̄·nì·lī — have been with you for three days (persistent situation, Ballard 1973b)

lā·jù·lī — July

mà·lō·nê·tə·nîˀ·lī — have studied for one year (persistent situation)

ʔôˀ·sʰōˀ·tê·pàˀ·sə̀·lī — had already lived (example 729)

lò

surface, skin, on top of (relator noun)
be straight, be direct

jə·lò — my body, my skin

kī·lò — kilogram

kʰôˀ·θâˀ·lò — head surface

nâ·lò — be obedient

pʰlā·lə̄·tə·tɔ̄·tə·lò·bâˀ — it seemed that (they) weren't honest

tə·tɔ̄·tə·lò — dishonest, not straightforward (lexicalized compound)

ʔə·mɛ̀ˀ·θâˀ·lò — its surface

θûˀ·tɔ̄·θāˀ·lò — be honest (elaborate expression combining two compounds)

lòˀ

reciprocal marker
play (first element in lòˀ.kwɛ̄)

lòˀ·kwɛ̄ — purposive modifier (V for fun)

būˀ·būˀ·lòˀ·θāˀ — be near each other

hāˀ·lòˀ·kwɛ̄ — take a stroll

jì·lòˀ — distant from each other

jə·hāˀ·lòˀ·kwɛ̄ — I hang out, I stroll

kwâ·tʰwɛ̄·lòˀ — look after each other

kwâ·tʰwɛ̄·lòˀ·θāˀ — look after each other

lòˀ·kwɛ̄ — play (verb); V for fun (purposive modifier)

lòˀ·θāˀ — each other (reciprocal with reflexive)

lôˀ·bâˀ·lòˀ·θāˀ·kə·dɛ̄·kə·dɛ̄ — need each other (Hill 2023)

lɔ̀·sʰɔ̄·lòˀ — differ from each other

lɔ̀·sʰɔ̄·lòˀ·ʔə·θāˀ — differ from each other

mà·lòˀ — order, tell (v.)

mə̄·pə·lɛ̀·tʰîˀ·lòˀ·θāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·ʔə·wɛ̄·θêˀ — order us to meet with them (News interview)

nɔ̀·hêˀ·lòˀ — divide among yourselves

nɔ̀·hêˀ·lòˀ·θāˀ — divide among each other (Ballard 1973c)

nə·tâ·tɛ̄·lòˀ·kwɛ̄ — your kidding (nominalized verb phrase) (example 594)

nə·tʰîˀ·lòˀ — you meet (someone)

nə·θêˀ·ɲā·lòˀ — you know each other

pòˀ·lòˀ — follow each other

pòˀ·lòˀ·ʔə·kʰī — follow each other (with kʰī as object, not θāˀ)

pə·lôˀ·bâˀ·lòˀ — we need each other

pə·tʰîˀ·lòˀ·θāˀ — we see each other, we meet

pʰɔ̂ˀ·lòˀ — grab each other's, take each other's

pʰɔ̂ˀ·lòˀ·pə·sɨ̄ — take each other's hands (with sɨ̄ as object, not θāˀ)

tâ·ɣɛ̀·lòˀ·kwɛ̄ — sports

tɛ̄·lòˀ·kwɛ̄ — joke (v.) (descriptive compound) (example 648c)

tʰîˀ·lòˀ·θāˀ — meet (each other) (highly lexicalized)

tʰîˀ·lòˀ·kwɛ̄·lə̄·nêˀ — see (him) playing there (bare complement, bound pronoun on verb)

tʰîˀ·lòˀ·θāˀ — meet each other

tʰîˀ·lòˀ — meet (see-RECP)

tʰîˀ·lòˀ·θāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ — meet (someone) (with dɔ̄ˀ for singular subject)

tʰîˀ·lòˀ·θāˀ — meet (each other)

tʰō·prə̄·lòˀ·θāˀ — compete in boxing

tʰɛ̄·θōˀ·lòˀ — be equal to each other

xê·lòˀ·kwɛ̄ — jog

ʔôˀ·sɔ̀·sɨ̀·lòˀ — stay at a distance from each other

ʔôˀ·sɔ̀·sɨ̀·lòˀ·pə·θāˀ — stay at a distance from each other

ʔə·lòˀ·kwɛ̄ — he plays

ʔɛ̂ˀ·lòˀ — love each other

ʔɛ̂ˀ·lòˀ·ʔə·θāˀ — love each other

θêˀ·ɲā·lòˀ·nə·θāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·pɣà·tə·ɣà — you and that person know each other (with dɔ̄ˀ for singular subject)

lô

borrow

hêˀ·lô — lend (example 670)

sɔ̄·tə·lô·pâ — go-between

lôˀ

need to (deontic modal verb
from Burmese lo 'need')
classifier for lumps, pieces, irregular 3D objects
classifier for places

lôˀ·lə̄ — be necessary that (with complement)

lôˀ·bâˀ — need (compound verb: lôˀ 'need' + bâˀ 'hit')

lôˀ·bâˀ·lòˀ·θāˀ·kə·dɛ̄·kə·dɛ̄ — need each other (Hill 2023)

lôˀ·bâˀ·wɛ̄ — need (with coreference marker)

mà·môˀ·lôˀ — make round

mê·lə̄·kwɛ̄·pʰō·lôˀ·bâˀ·wɛ̄·pʰɔ̄ — because bees need flowers (Vlog)

môˀ·lôˀ — be round

pə·lôˀ·bâˀ·lòˀ — we need each other

pə·tə·lôˀ — we don't need to

tə·lôˀ — don't need to; one lump (classifier phrase)

tə·lôˀ·lə̄·pə·lɛ̀·mà·xɨ̀ˀ — we don't need to go have dealings with (them) (with complement)

tə·lôˀ — need not, not necessary to (negative modal); occurs as modal verb directly followed by head verb or in təlôˀ lə̄ construction

ʔə·lôˀ·bâˀ — he/she needs (from lôˀ.bâˀ 'need')

lō

learn, train (verbal modifier
cognate with Pwo Karen lʊ́)
spread out

bâˀ·tâ·θôˀ·lō·ʔɔ̀ — be taught

dīˀ·θōˀ·kə·lɛ̀·mà·lō·tâ·lə̄·wê·pù — to go study in the city (purposive clause, Karen village)

hāˀ·lō — learn to walk

kə·tò·lō — practice speaking

lō·xē — spread out to dry

mà·lō — study, learn

mà·lō·nê — learn and get, learn successfully

mà·lō·nê·tə·nîˀ·lī — have studied for one year (persistent situation)

nɛ̂ˀ·lō — (elaborate partner of θôˀ.lō)

pɣà·mà·lō·tâ·pʰō — student

tâ·mà·lō — studies, education, lesson (nominalized)

tâ·mà·lō·lìˀ — studying

tâ·θôˀ·lō·tɔ̀ — class, lesson

ʔə·tâ·θôˀ·lō·nɛ̂ˀ·lō — (the ways) our parents taught us (elaborate expression)

ʔə·tə·mà·lō·nàˀ·ɣè — even though he hasn't studied

θôˀ·lō — teach

θôˀ·lō·θɔ̄·lō — teach (elaborate expression from θôˀ-θɔ̄)

θôˀ·lō — teach (verb)

lōˀ

car (variant)

lōˀ·kʰɔ̂ˀ·rīˀ — car tyre

lù

chase, pursue
concurrent action verb (chase while V-ing)
forms compounds like lù-xɨ̄ 'chase-search'

hāˀ·lù — hunt, chase after

hāˀ·lù·pʰɔ̂ˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ — hunt for (example 547)

lù·kʰāˀ — chase and shoot (example 637)

lù·kʰāˀ·wɛ̄ — chased and shot at (with coreference marker)

lù·kʰlɨ̄ˀ — chase and catch

lù·xɨ̄ — chase and search for, look for (example 636)

tâ·lù·kʰāˀ·wɛ̄·θō·lêˀ — the car was being chased and shot at (agent backgrounding with tâ)

lū

pour, water (verb)

lū·lɔ̀ — pour down, pour in

lūˀ

kə·lūˀ — angel

lwāˀ

saw (v.)

tʰāˀ·lwāˀ — saw (tool)

lwî

four (numeral)
dove (second element in tʰôˀ.lwî)

tʰôˀ·lwî — dove, pigeon

tʰôˀ·lwî·kʰâˀ — Bitter Dove (personal name in story)

tʰôˀ·lwî·wā·tʃō — Hto Lwee Wah School (name) (example 647)

lwɛ̂

colour

ʔə·lwɛ̂ — their colour

lɔ̀

factual final particle
down (directional verb)
go down, come down (prior motion verb)
with descriptive verbs expresses decreased degree
with giving verbs indicates downward orientation to recipient
emotive causative verb: stimulus causes sensation of wanting/needing to V

lɔ̀ — directional modifier (down)

bêˀ·lɔ̀ — take off (example 777)

bīˀ·lɔ̀ — squeeze (into), squeeze down

blāˀ·lɔ̀ — hang down, suspend

blāˀ·lɔ̀·ʔə·θāˀ — hang (intr.) (anticausative)

bū·lɔ̀ — get thinner (objects)

bɣɛ̂ˀ·lɔ̀·wɛ̄·dâˀ — sprinkled down (with coreference marker)

bɨ̂ˀ·lɔ̀ — feed (animals); lɔ̀ indicates downward orientation

hāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·hāˀ·lɔ̀ — travel around (elaborate expression)

hêˀ·lɔ̀ — give to (recipient is lower in social standing or physically lower)

hɔ̂ˀ·lɔ̀ — cry over (someone/something); lɔ̀ indicates downward orientation toward deceased

hɔ̂ˀ·lɔ̀·jə̀·lɔ̀·wɛ̄ — crying over (example 789)

hɛ̄·nɨ̀ˀ·lɔ̀ — come into, enter

jù·lɔ̀ — dive, fly down

jù·nɨ̀ˀ·lɔ̀ — fly into

jwà·lɔ̀ — flow down

jə·kə·sîˀ·lɔ̀ — I will leave

jə·sʰə̄·tɛ̀ˀ·lɔ̀ — I decided

jə·θêˀ·ɲā·lɔ̀ — I know (myself)

kâ·lɔ̀ — fall down

kō·ɲâ·lɔ̀ — get relieved

kōˀ·lɔ̀·ʔə·θāˀ — call oneself

kə·lɔ̀·mâ·nê·kwìˀ — would disappear on them

kə·pʰɛ̄ˀ·lɔ̀ — will clear (a field)

kə·θûˀ·lɔ̀ — will plant

kə·lɔ̀ — python

kə·lɔ̀·bɔ̄ — Burmese python

kʰīˀ·lɔ̀ — get darker

kʰûˀ·lɔ̀ — dig (down)

kʰɨ̂ˀ·lɔ̀ — get cooler, cool down

kʰɨ̂ˀ·lɔ̀·kè — cool back down

lìˀ·rà·lɔ̀ — brochure

lū·lɔ̀ — pour down, pour in

lɔ̀·bâˀ — spill down on, fall onto (physical contact/affectedness)

lɔ̀·bɔ̄ — turn yellow

lɔ̀·bɣōˀ — be disgusting

lɔ̀·hāˀ — be tempting to visit (of a place)

lɔ̀·kà — look tempting to wear

lɔ̀·nàˀ — be credible

lɔ̀·nì — be funny, laughable

lɔ̀·pɣè — look tempting to buy

lɔ̀·ʔɛ̂ˀ — be cute, lovable

lɔ̀·dō — starve, be hungry

lɔ̀·dō·θī — starve to death (example 766)

lɔ̀·mâ — disappear, be lost

lɔ̀·mâ·kwìˀ — disappear, be lost

lɔ̀·mâ·nê·kwìˀ — disappear on (someone) (malefactive)

lɔ̀·pìˀ — go out (fire), be extinguished

lɔ̀·pìˀ·kwìˀ — go out (of fire), be extinguished

lɔ̀·pʰāˀ — separate, be apart, get separated

lɔ̀·pʰāˀ·lɔ̀ˀ·θāˀ — separate, get divorced

lɔ̀·sɔ̀ — drip, drop

lɔ̀·sɔ̀·bâˀ — start drooling (unexpectedly, of appetite); drip (unexpectedly)

lɔ̀·sʰɔ̄ — be different, be separate, be special

lɔ̀·sʰɔ̄·lòˀ — differ from each other

lɔ̀·sʰɔ̄·lòˀ·ʔə·θāˀ — differ from each other

lɔ̀·tî — be accurate, be exact

lɔ̀·tî·lɔ̀·sʰɛ̄ˀ — be accurate, be correct

lɔ̀·tô·lɔ̀·sʰɔ̄ — extraordinary

lɔ̀·tɛ̀ˀ — fall, fall off, fall down

lɔ̀·tɛ̀ˀ·bâˀ — fall (unexpectedly, accidentally) - non-volitional event

lɔ̀·tɛ̀ˀ·θī — fall and die

lɔ̀·xì — fall down

lɔ̀·xì·θī — fall dead

lɔ̀·ɣà — be like, resemble

lɔ̀·ɣàˀ — be like, resemble, seem

lɔ̀·ʔɨ̄ˀ — be submerged, sink

lɔ̀·ʔɨ̄ˀ·θī — drown

lə̄·kə·θûˀ·lɔ̀·bɨ̄·ʔə·ɣɔ̂ — for planting upland rice (purposive clause with lə̄ and ɣɔ̂)

lɛ̀·lɔ̀ — go down

lɛ̀·nɨ̀ˀ·lɔ̀ — go into

lɛ̀·xê·lɔ̀ — go running down

mà·lɔ̀·nê — make for

mà·lɔ̀·pʰāˀ — separate, cause to be apart

mà·θī·lɔ̀·ʔə·θāˀ — kill oneself

mà·θī·lɔ̀·kwìˀ — kill (himself)

mī·lɔ̀ — lie down

nêˀ·lɔ̀ — final particle (formal factual)

nə·mà·lɔ̀·pʰāˀ — you separated (me)

nɨ̀·lɔ̀ — enter (and go down), run for (office)

nɨ̀ˀ·lɔ̀ — into

pàˀ·kə·pʰə̄·lɔ̀·kè — be proud of

pàˀ·lɔ̀·xàˀ — post, put up and leave (e.g., on social media)

pàˀ·lɔ̀·sʰɔ̄ — put separately, set apart

plâ·lɔ̀·kè — released (and let down back)

pə·ʔə̂ˀ·lɔ̀ — we agree, we give consent

pə·lɔ̂·lɔ̀ — be careful, be alert

pə·trə̀·lɔ̀·ʔə·θāˀ — brag, praise oneself

pɣà·lɔ̀·ɣàˀ·nà — person who resembles you (relative clause without lə̄)

pʰɣī·lɔ̀ — scatter (seeds)

pʰɨ̂ˀ·lɔ̀ — get shorter

rà·lɔ̀ — distribute

sâ·lɔ̀ — get weaker

sîˀ·lɔ̀ — jump down, parachute

sîˀ·lɔ̀ — leave, depart

sîˀ·tɛ̀·tɛ̄·lɔ̀ — preach

sīˀ·lɔ̀·ʔə·θāˀ — say to oneself

sīˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·pə·trə̀·lɔ̀ — praise oneself; lɔ̀ indicates orientation toward self

sòˀ·lɔ̀ — carry down

sòˀ·nɨ̀ˀ·lɔ̀ — carry in

sɣà·lɔ̀ — decrease

sʰīˀ·lɔ̀ — get smaller

tâ·nàˀ·nê·lɔ̀·θāˀ — confidence (nominalized reflexive verb)

tâ·nɨ̀ˀ·lɔ̀·hɨ̂ˀ·tâ — burglary

tê·lɔ̀ — put in, insert

tɛ̄·lɔ̀·tî — say for sure, tell accurately

tɨ̀·ʔə·pâ·plâ·lɔ̀·kè·ʔɔ̀·tə·sɨ̄ — when his father released him (Saw Kay)

tʰîˀ·lɔ̀·kè — see (ourselves), look at

tʰîˀ·lɔ̀·ʔə·θāˀ — see oneself

xɛ̀·lɔ̀ — get slimmer (people)

ɣô·lɔ̀ — get colder

ʔîˀ·lɔ̀ — get narrower

ʔɔ̂ˀ·lɔ̀·kè — eating (its own eggs)

ʔɔ̄·lɔ̀ — drink down, take (medicine)

ʔə·pʰɨ̂ˀ·θī·lɔ̀ — he jumped down and died

ʔə·pʰɨ̂ˀ·θī·lɔ̀·θāˀ·ʔə·lɔ̂ — the place where he jumped down and died

ʔə̂ˀ·lɔ̀ — agree, promise (verb)

ʔɛ̂ˀ·lɔ̀·ʔə·θāˀ — love oneself

θêˀ·ɲā·lɔ̀·jə·θāˀ — know oneself, be self-aware

θī·lɔ̀ — die (by falling down)

θī·kwâ·lɔ̀·ʔə·θāˀ — ask oneself

θûˀ·lɔ̀ — plant, cultivate, establish, build

lɔ̀ˀ

reciprocal marker

kə·tʰɔ̂ˀ·pʰō·nê·mā·lɔ̀ˀ — marry and raise families with each other (irrealis prefix precedes elaborate expression, reciprocal follows)

lɔ̀·pʰāˀ·lɔ̀ˀ·θāˀ — separate, get divorced

lɔ̀ˀ·θāˀ — each other (reciprocal with reflexive)

lɔ̂

place, field
instead of (relator noun
< 'place, field')
classifier for cultivated fields

dôˀ·nê·ʔə·lɔ̂ — bigger than before

kə·lɔ̂ — hundred thousand

kʰɨ̄ˀ·lɔ̂ — upland field, swidden

lɔ̂·klɛ̄ — place (parts of whole type coordinate compound); place (elaborate variant of lɔ̂)

lɔ̂·mī — bed, sleeping place

lɔ̂·sʰêˀ·nɔ̀ — chair

lɔ̂·ʔôˀ·lɔ̂·sʰōˀ — address (noun) (elaborate expression with noun lɔ̂)

lɔ̂·kə·wɔ̀ — local, locality, area

lɔ̂·kʰī — back part, behind (spatial); after (temporal) (relator noun: lɔ̂ 'place' + kʰī 'rear')

lɔ̂·là — rank, title

lɔ̂·mī — bed

nə·tə·pə·lɔ̂·θāˀ — you don't expect (lit., don't pay attention)

pə·lɔ̂ — be aware of, pay attention to

pə·lɔ̂·lɔ̀ — be careful, be alert

pə·lɔ̂·θûˀ·pə·lɔ̂·θāˀ — be aware, be cautious (6-syllable elaborate expression); be careful (elaborate expression from θûˀ-θāˀ)

pə·lɔ̂·pə·dɔ̄ — beware

pə·lɔ̂·θāˀ — pay attention, expect

pɣà·lɔ̂·kə·wɔ̀·pʰō — villagers

pɣà·pàˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ·lə̄·ʔə·lɔ̂·dâˀ·wɛ̄ — (things) are put in their own places (agent backgrounding)

pʰɛ̄·jə·ʔɔ̂ˀ·mè·wì·ʔə·lɔ̂·kʰī — after I have eaten (with relator noun lɔ̂.kʰī)

sìˀ·lɔ̂ — paddy field

sə·pīˀ·lɔ̂ — vineyard

tâ·pə·lɔ̂·pə·dɔ̄·θāˀ — caution, carefulness

tâ·lɔ̂ — place

tâ·lɔ̂·lə̄·jə·pâ·ʔôˀ·wɛ̄ — the place where my father is

tâ·lɔ̂·lə̄·pʰɨ̄·θāˀ·pɣâ·mà·θī·tʰɔ̄ˀ·ʔə·lɔ̂ — the place where the old man killed the pig (Jones 1961)

tə·lɔ̂ — one field

ʔə·lɔ̂ — its place, the place of

ʔə·lɔ̂·ʔə·klɛ̄ — their place (elaborate expression for 'place')

ʔə·lɔ̂·kʰī — its back, after

ʔə·pʰɨ̂ˀ·θī·lɔ̀·θāˀ·ʔə·lɔ̂ — the place where he jumped down and died

ʔə·ʔôˀ·ʔə·sʰōˀ·ʔə·lɔ̂·ʔə·klɛ̄ — the place where they live (Kato 1993)

ʔə·lɔ̂ — their place

θɨ̄ˀ·lɔ̂·θɨ̄ˀ·klɛ̄ — move (to another place) (elaborate expression from lɔ̂-klɛ̄)

lɔ̂ˀ

content question particle (N.Thailand variant of lɛ̂ˀ)
emphatic final particle

pʰɛ̄·lɛ̂ˀ·pʰɛ̄·lɔ̂ˀ — where, in what places (adverbial elaborate expression)

lɔ̄

lie (verb, second element in lîˀ-lɔ̄, only in compounds)
covet (in θāˀ.lɔ̄ 'desire')

kə·lɔ̄ — purposive modifier (V for free)

dɨ̄ˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ·kə·lɔ̄ — give food for free (example 685)

hêˀ·kə·lɔ̄ — give for free

kwɛ̄ˀ·lîˀ·kwɛ̄ˀ·lɔ̄ — write untruthfully (elaborate expression from lîˀ-lɔ̄)

kə·lɔ̄ — be empty, free; V for free, without receiving anything in return (adverbial modifier)

lîˀ·lɔ̄ — lie (verbal coordinate compound; lɔ̄ not independent)

lîˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ·lɔ̄·ʔɔ̂ˀ — deceive (elaborate variant)

lɔ̄·kʰɔ̄ — dish

mà·kə·lɔ̄ — do for free

nê·kə·lɔ̄ — get for free

tɛ̄·lîˀ·tɛ̄·lɔ̄ — tell lies (partial reduplication type elaborate expression); lie, speak untruthfully (elaborate expression from lîˀ-lɔ̄)

θāˀ·lɔ̄ — desire, like

θāˀ·lɔ̄ — desire, like (transitive compound; lɔ̄ 'covet' not independent)

lə̀

anymore (negative new-situation marker
counterpart of lī in negative clauses)

kə·lə̀ — be warm

nə·tə·mà·kə·dɔ̄ˀ·lə̀ — you won't do again

tə·V·lə̀·bâˀ — no longer V (with lə̀)

tə·mê·lə̀·wɛ̄·dâˀ — was no longer (the case)

tə·lə̀ — Mon people

lə̀ˀ

be finished, be used up, be gone
completive verb indicating all of something
can be subject/object/event-oriented

kʰɛ̄·lə̀ˀ — all (adverbial particle, modifies subject or object depending on context)

kʰɛ̄·lə̀ˀ — all (adverbial particle modifying subject or object depending on context)

kʰɛ̄·lə̀ˀ·kʰɛ̄·sʰē — all, everything (elaborate variant of kʰɛ̄.lə̀ˀ)

lə̀ˀ·kwìˀ — run out completely, be used up, be lost

lə̀ˀ·kwìˀ·wɛ̄ — die (of fish in pond)

ʔɔ̂ˀ·lə̀ˀ — eat up (example 824)

ʔɔ̄·lə̀ˀ — drink up (example 681)

ʔə·lə̀ˀ — it is used up, it is finished

lə̂

stone, rock

dū·lə̂ — Doo Ler (place name)

lə̂·kə·ʔō — cave

nə·pʰə̄·nɨ̀ˀ·lə̂·sʰū·tʰə̂ˀ·pù·bâˀ·sʰâˀ·θə·nàˀ·kē — although you put a stone in the bag (LTP.D, concessive without mê)

lə̄

generic preposition: at, from, to, with, instrument, oblique marker
relativizer (introduces relative clauses)
complementizer 'that' (introduces complement clauses)
quotative marker
be full (in mà-lə̄-mà-pɣɛ̀ 'complete')

bâˀ·tâ·mà·sʰûˀ·ʔɔ̀·lə̄·pɣà·pòˀ·kʰwâˀ·tə·ɣà — is attacked by a man (agent in oblique phrase)

bâˀ·tâ·xɨ̄·tʰîˀ·nê·ʔɔ̀·lə̄·pʰɨ̄·mɔ̂·tɔ̂ — were discovered by (agent in oblique phrase)

bâˀ·jôˀ·lə̄ — worry that (with irrealis kə- in complement)

dīˀ·pə·kwɛ̄ˀ·pə·pʰāˀ·ʔɔ̀·lə̄·mɨ̂·mə·sʰā·tə·nì·ʔì·ʔə·θōˀ — as we read and write them today (Karen nationalism, similative clause modifying NP)

dīˀ·θōˀ·kə·lɛ̀·mà·lō·tâ·lə̄·wê·pù — to go study in the city (purposive clause, Karen village)

dōˀ·ʔêˀ·ʔə·θāˀ·lə̄·kʰē — give oneself to be eaten by a tiger (Wade 1897)

klɛ̄·lə̄·pə·hɛ̄ — the road on which we came (oblique relativization)

kô·tə·lə̄ — too hot

krə̄ˀ·lə̄ — should (that) (deontic modality with complement)

kɔ̄ˀ·lə̄·sʰɛ̄·tʰɨ̄ — call (this) 'setting a trap' (KWH)

kʰɔ̄·pʰlō·lə̄ — because (common causal expression)

kʰɔ̄·pʰlō·lə̄·sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̂·kʰɛ̄·ʔì·ʔə·mà·tâ — because he does that now (LTP.D)

kʰɔ̄·pʰlō·lə̄ — because (causal adverbializer, full form)

lôˀ·lə̄ — be necessary that (with complement)

lə̄·hîˀ·lə̄·xɔ̄ — household, domestic matters

lə̄·kə·θûˀ·lɔ̀·bɨ̄·ʔə·ɣɔ̂ — for planting upland rice (purposive clause with lə̄ and ɣɔ̂)

lə̄·nêˀ — at/from/to there

lə̄·nêˀ·ʔə·mɛ̀ˀ·ɲā — additionally, on top of that

lə̄·nə·pàˀ·tê·jà·ʔə·xō — because you left me (causal clause with lə̄ and xō)

lə̄·pə·jɔ̀·kwɛ̄ˀ·wɛ̄·ʔə·tâ·sîˀ·sò·tɛ̄·sò — the chronicles written by the Burmese (prenominal RC)

lə̄·ʔì — here

lə̄·ʔə·kʰlîˀ — cold one (relativized noun omitted, inferred from context)

lə̄·ʔə·wɛ̄·hɛ̄·pàˀ·pʰlā·tʰɔ̂ˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ·tâ·ɣê — the things that he mentioned (prenominal RC, Hpapun speaker)

lə̄·θûˀ·lə̄·θāˀ — in the heart/soul (elaborate expression with preposition lə̄ as intervening element)

lə̄·kʰī — later

lə̄·nêˀ — there

lə̄·ɲā — first (adverb)

lə̄·ʔì — here

mà·lə̄·mà·pɣɛ̀ — complete, finish (elaborate expression)

mà·lə̄·mà·pɣɛ̀·nê·kè — complete the work for (someone) (elaborate expression with modifiers)

mê·lə̄ — since, because (causal adverbializer)

mê·lə̄·kwɛ̄·pʰō·lôˀ·bâˀ·wɛ̄·pʰɔ̄ — because bees need flowers (Vlog)

mê·lə̄·mè·tə·jə̄·bâˀ — because there's not enough rice (HUR, interchangeable with kʰɔ̄.pʰlō.lə̄)

mì·lə̄·nɔ̂·wā — my name is Naw Wah (quotative with noun)

mī·mɔ̂·lə̄ — dream that (complement clause)

mɨ̂·lâ·lə̄ — hope that (with irrealis kə- in complement)

nāˀ·tə·lə̄ — too many, too severe

nə·tâ·sʰō·kə·môˀ·lə̄·ʔə·bâˀ·xāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·tâ·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·θāˀ — your thoughts about that incident

plì·lə̄ — fear that (with irrealis kə- in complement)

pɔ̄·lə̄·plə̀ — old story

pɣà·lə̄·ʔōˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·pɛ̄·trɔ̄ — the person who opened the window

pɣà·lə̄·ʔə·bā·θɔ̄·kʰā — people who worship monks (Buddhists)

pɣà·pàˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ·lə̄·ʔə·lɔ̂·dâˀ·wɛ̄ — (things) are put in their own places (agent backgrounding)

pɣà·pɔ̀ˀ·mɨ̂ˀ·lə̄·ʔə·mɨ̂ˀ·kə·nɔ̀ — unmarried woman

pɣà·ʔôˀ·lə̄·kɔ̂·pə·jɔ̀·pù — people who live in Myanmar (impersonal subject with intransitive verb)

pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄·lə̄·ʔə·sē·kə·ʔā·nê·nà — people who have more money than you (possessor relativization)

pʰlā·lə̄ — seem that (with complement)

pʰlā·lə̄·tə·tɔ̄·tə·lò·bâˀ — it seemed that (they) weren't honest

pʰɛ̄·lə̄ — when (with generic subordinator)

pʰɛ̄·lə̄ — when (temporal) (pʰɛ̄ + lə̄?)

sāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·lə̄ — starting from, since

sāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·lə̄·ʔôˀ·pʰlɛ̂ˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·lì·lì — since (you) were born (with both markers)

sʰō·môˀ·lə̄ — think that (with complement)

sʰō·sʰō·tə·lə̄ — too early

tâ·lə̄·jə·ʔɔ̂ˀ·ʔɔ̀·wîˀ — things that I like (to eat) (with resumptive pronoun ʔɔ̀)

tâ·lə̄·ʔə·ɣè — thing which is good

tâ·lɛ̀·sʰɣə̄·ʔə·wɛ̄·θêˀ·lə̄·tâ·sʰā·hîˀ — they have been taken to a hospital (agent backgrounding in news)

tâ·môˀ·lɨ̂·θāˀ·lə̄·dêˀ — they wanted to raise frogs

tâ·môˀ·pɔ̂·jə·θāˀ·lə̄·tʰī — I want to swim (impersonal construction)

tâ·môˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ·jə·θāˀ·lə̄·mè — I want to eat (Kato 1993)

tâ·θâˀ·wì·ʔɔ̂ˀ·jə·θāˀ·lə̄·mè — I am hungry

tâ·θū·jə·θāˀ·lə̄·tʰī — I am thirsty

tâ·θə·jɨ̂·jə·θāˀ·lə̄·mô — I miss mother

tâ·lɔ̂·lə̄·jə·pâ·ʔôˀ·wɛ̄ — the place where my father is

tâ·lɔ̂·lə̄·pʰɨ̄·θāˀ·pɣâ·mà·θī·tʰɔ̄ˀ·ʔə·lɔ̂ — the place where the old man killed the pig (Jones 1961)

tâ·lə̄ — as for, regarding

tâ·ɣê·tâ·klò·lə̄·ʔə·bâˀ·tʰwɛ̄·dɔ̄ˀ·pə·pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄·pʰō — information related to us Karen

tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·dīˀ·lə̄·nə·tɨ̀·wɛ̄·dâˀ·dīˀ·bâˀ — before you have reached your goals yet (Vlog)

tə·lôˀ·lə̄·pə·lɛ̀·mà·xɨ̀ˀ — we don't need to go have dealings with (them) (with complement)

tə·mê·lə̄ — it is not the case that (cleft negation with complementizer)

tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·dīˀ·lə̄ — before (with continuative dīˀ)

tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·lə̄·jə·ʔɔ̂ˀ·mè·nêˀ·jə·ʔɔ̄·sʰō·tʰī — before I eat, I first drink water (with sʰō 'first')

tə·lə̄ — exceed, too much (excessive degree marker following descriptive verb)

tɛ̄·bâˀ·ʔɔ̀·lə̄ — tell him that (direct quote complement)

tɨ̀·lə̄ — to, until (preposition with time expressions)

tɨ̀·lə̄ — until, to (preposition; from tɨ̀ 'arrive' + lə̄ GNR.P); when (temporal)

tɨ̀·lə̄·nə·θāˀ·mī·māˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·nə·kə·hāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — only when you're satisfied you will leave (Karen sermon)

tʰîˀ·bâˀ·lə̄ — see that (discovery, with complement)

tʰîˀ·lòˀ·kwɛ̄·lə̄·nêˀ — see (him) playing there (bare complement, bound pronoun on verb)

tʰōˀ·lə̄·ʔə·bɨ̂ˀ·wɛ̄ — pigs that he had been raising (with coreference marker wɛ̄ in RC)

wê·lə̄·nə·ʔôˀ·ʔɔ̀ — the city where you live

ʔɛ̂ˀ·dōˀ·lə̄ — want that (different-subject complement)

θāˀ·kʰɨ̄·lə̄ — be happy that (with causal clause)

θāˀ·ʔɨ̄ˀ·lə̄ — be sad that (with causal clause)

lɛ̀

go (prior motion verb, deictic)
go and/to (verb)

dīˀ·θōˀ·kə·lɛ̀·mà·lō·tâ·lə̄·wê·pù — to go study in the city (purposive clause, Karen village)

dɨ̄ˀ·lɛ̀ — let go, try to make go

jə·dɨ̄ˀ·lɛ̀ — I tried to let (him) go

jə·kə·lɛ̀ — I will go

jə·kə·lɛ̀·hāˀ — I will travel

jə·kə·lɛ̀·pàˀ·sə̀ — I will go first (example 728)

jə·lɛ̀ — I go, I went

jə·lɛ̀·tɨ̀ — I went to

jə·lɛ̀·ʔôˀ — I went to live, I moved to

jə·lɛ̀·ʔôˀ·də̄ˀ — the house I have moved to (prenominal RC, Ballard 1973b)

jə·mə·lɛ̀ — if I go

jə·tə·lɛ̀ — I don't go, I won't go, I'm not going

jə·tə·plɛ̄·lɛ̀ — I won't let go

kə·lɛ̀ — will go

lɛ̀·bâˀ — go (and get sucked into something) - inevitability

lɛ̀·dâˀ — only go

lɛ̀·hāˀ·kʰāˀ·θə·kōˀ — go hunting together (prior motion + concurrent action + compound)

lɛ̀·kè — go back

lɛ̀·kwìˀ — go away (telic accomplishment)

lɛ̀·lɔ̀ — go down

lɛ̀·nê — go for (someone), go instead of (deputative beneficiary)

lɛ̀·nɨ̀ˀ — go into

lɛ̀·nɨ̀ˀ·lɔ̀ — go into

lɛ̀·sòˀ·xɨ̀ˀ — take along with

lɛ̀·sʰō — go early, go first

lɛ̀·sʰɣə̄ — bring, take (to), send (e.g., to hospital)

lɛ̀·tâ — go off (on an errand), move (forward) (lɛ̀ with obligatory tâ)

lɛ̀·tê — have already gone

lɛ̀·tɨ̀ — go and arrive

lɛ̀·tʰɔ̂ˀ — go up, go to, attend

lɛ̀·tʰɔ̄·dā — go against (the wind)

lɛ̀·xê·lɔ̀ — go running down

lɛ̀·xɔ̀ — go horizontally

lɛ̀·ʔôˀ·lɛ̀·sʰōˀ — go and live (elaborate expression with prior motion verb lɛ̀ as intervening element)

lɛ̀·θāˀ — go, proceed (with intransitive verb)

lɛ̀·θə·ɣə̂ — go to meet, face

lɛ̀·kʰɔ̄·pʰlō — experience (go-through?)

lɛ̀·tə·rīˀ — go around

lɛ̀·tʰɔ̂ˀ — go up, increase, develop

lɛ̀·tʰɔ̂ˀ·lɛ̀·tʰɔ̄ — develop (intr.)

lɛ̀·tʰɔ̄ — go long, develop (elaborate partner)

lɛ̀·wɛ̄ — go (with coreference marker)

mə̄·nə·lɛ̀·də̂ˀ·tʰī — ask you to go and draw water (Ballard 1973b)

mə̄·pə·lɛ̀·tʰîˀ·lòˀ·θāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·ʔə·wɛ̄·θêˀ — order us to meet with them (News interview)

nə·kə·lɛ̀ — you will go

nə·lɛ̀ — you go

nə·mê·tə·lɛ̀·bâˀ — if you don't go (negative conditional, Ballard 1973a)

nə·mê·ʔɛ̂ˀ·dōˀ·lɛ̀·dɔ̄ˀ·jà — if you want to go with me (LTP, conditional clause)

nə·tə·lɛ̀ — you don't go

pàˀ·lɛ̀ — pretended to go

pàˀ·lɛ̀·ʔə·θāˀ — pretend to go (Jones 1961)

pə·kə·lɛ̀ — we will go

pə·lɛ̀ — we go, we went

pʰɛ̄·nə·lɛ̀·ʔə·kʰā — when you go (temporal clause with relator noun)

tâ·lɛ̀·sʰɣə̄·ʔə·wɛ̄·θêˀ·lə̄·tâ·sʰā·hîˀ — they have been taken to a hospital (agent backgrounding in news)

tâ·lɛ̀·tʰɔ̂ˀ·lɛ̀·tʰɔ̄ — development (nominalized verb)

tâ·lɛ̀·kʰɔ̄·pʰlō — experience (noun)

tə·lôˀ·lə̄·pə·lɛ̀·mà·xɨ̀ˀ — we don't need to go have dealings with (them) (with complement)

tə·lɛ̀ — don't go, didn't go

tə·plɛ̄·lɛ̀·nà — not let you go (complement-clause-taking verb)

tə·plɛ̄·nə·lɛ̀ — not let you go (verb-verb compound, colloquial)

ʔə·lɛ̀ — he/she/it goes / they go

lɛ̀ˀ

(second element of 'even')

dâˀ·lɛ̀ˀ — even (emphatic adverbial particle; scope over preceding constituent)

êˀ·êˀ·kə·lɛ̀ˀ — very sharp

kə·lɛ̀ˀ — intensifier used with reduplicated verbs (high degree)

nāˀ·nāˀ·kə·lɛ̀ˀ — seriously, severely

nɔ̂ˀ·lɛ̀ˀ — club, stick

ɣɔ̀·ɣɔ̀·kə·lɛ̀ˀ — very early

ʔêˀ·ʔêˀ·kə·lɛ̀ˀ — very sharp

lɛ̂

be wide (can take NP or clause subject)
width
writing (elaborate partner of lìˀ, only in compounds)

kwɛ̄ˀ·kè·ʔə·lìˀ·pʰāˀ·kè·ʔə·lɛ̂ — write and read their script again (8-syllable elaborate expression)

lìˀ·dôˀ·lɛ̂·tʰɔ̄ — significant literature (elaborate expression from lìˀ-lɛ̂)

lìˀ·lɛ̂ — literature, writing (partial reduplication compound; lɛ̂ not independent)

lìˀ·ɦò·lɛ̂·ɦò — books, literature (elaborate expression with semantically void ɦò)

lìˀ·lɛ̂ — literature, writing

lɛ̂·kə·tə̂ — widest, biggest

lɛ̂·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get wider

pʰāˀ·lɛ̂ — very wide

ʔə·lɛ̂·kə·tə̂ — widest

θē·lìˀ·θē·lɛ̂ — be learned, well-read (elaborate expression)

lɛ̂ˀ

content question particle

bâˀ·mə·nɨ̀·ʔə·xō·lɛ̂ˀ — why (full interrogative adverbial phrase); why (rhetorical question introducing explanation)

bâˀ·mə·nɨ̀·ʔə·xō·lɛ̂ˀ — why (rhetorical question)

bâˀ·mə·nɨ̀·ʔə·xō·lɛ̂ˀ·nêˀ — why? (followed by explanation, Vlog)

dī·lɛ̂ˀ — how

dīˀ·lɛ̂ˀ — how (question word)

dīˀ·lɛ̂ˀ·dīˀ·lɛ̂ˀ — no matter how (reduplicated question word)

dīˀ·lɛ̂ˀ·dīˀ·lɛ̂ˀ — how (reduplicated question word)

kʰɛ̄·lɛ̂ˀ — when (question word)

māˀ·lɛ̂ˀ — emphatic final particle (Western varieties, Mawlamyine)

pɔ̂ˀ·lɛ̂ˀ — sea, ocean

pʰɔ̂ˀ·kwâ·mê·ʔə·kô·wɛ̄·dôˀ·tʰɛ̄·lɛ̂ˀ — touch to see how hot it is (with mê in interrogative complement)

pʰɛ̄·lɛ̂ˀ — where, which (question word)

pʰɛ̄·lɛ̂ˀ·pʰɛ̄·lɔ̂ˀ — where, in what places (adverbial elaborate expression)

pʰɛ̄·lɛ̂ˀ — where, which (place)

sʰīˀ·jì·lɛ̂ˀ — how far

sʰīˀ·tʰɔ̄·lɛ̂ˀ — how high

tʰɛ̄·lɛ̂ˀ — how many, how much (question word)

tʰɛ̄·lɛ̂ˀ·tʰɛ̄·lɛ̂ˀ — no matter how much (reduplicated)

lɛ̄

salary (second element?)

kə·sʰɔ̄·tə·lɛ̄ — will change

lɛ̄·kɛ̄ — Leke religion

sʰɔ̄·tə·lɛ̄ — change (tr.)

sʰɔ̄·tə·lɛ̄·ʔə·θāˀ — change (intr.) (anticausative)

tə·lɛ̄ — change (second element?)

ʔə·būˀ·ʔə·lɛ̄ — their salary

lɛ̄ˀ

scorch, burn (field)

lɨ̀ˀ

overflow

dɔ̄·kə·lɨ̀ˀ — whole ethnic group

kɔ̄ˀ·kə·lɨ̀ˀ·dɛ̄ˀ — every kind (each ethnic group)

kə·lɨ̀ˀ — kind, type, ethnicity; classifier for kinds

kə·lɨ̀ˀ·dûˀ — tribe

pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄·kə·lɨ̀ˀ — Karen people

tə·kə·lɨ̀ˀ — one kind, any kind, a kind of people

ʔə·kə·lɨ̀ˀ·kə·lɨ̀ˀ — various kinds, several kinds

lɨ̂

value, worth
custom
feed, raise (animals)

kə·lɨ̂ — sound, voice

lɨ̂·dôˀ·pɣè·dôˀ — be valuable (elaborate expression from lɨ̂-pɣè)

lɨ̂·pɣè — value (nominal coordinate compound)

lɨ̂·lâ — custom, tradition

lɨ̂·tʰī — bathe

môˀ·lɨ̂ — want to raise/feed

nə·lɨ̂·nə·pɣè — your value

tâ·lɨ̂·ʔɔ̂ˀ — making a living

tâ·môˀ·lɨ̂·θāˀ·lə̄·dêˀ — they wanted to raise frogs

ʔə·kə·lɨ̂ — its sound, her voice

ʔə·lɨ̂·ʔə·pɣè — its value, its worth

ʔə·lɨ̂·lâ·tʰū·θə·nū — its traditions, its customs

lɨ̂ˀ

thread

lɨ̂ˀ·kʰûˀ — ball of thread

mà

do, make
direct causative verb 'make, cause' (with direct control over V2 realization)
suffer, be involved in (in compound mà-xɨ̀ˀ)

bâˀ·tâ·mà·sʰûˀ·ʔɔ̀·lə̄·pɣà·pòˀ·kʰwâˀ·tə·ɣà — is attacked by a man (agent in oblique phrase)

bâˀ·tâ·mà·θī·ʔɔ̀ — be killed (P-promoting construction)

dīˀ·θōˀ·kə·lɛ̀·mà·lō·tâ·lə̄·wê·pù — to go study in the city (purposive clause, Karen village)

dɨ̄ˀ·mà — make (someone) do, cause to work

hāˀ·pʰīˀ·hāˀ·mà — go away to work (elaborate expression with prior motion verb hāˀ)

hêˀ·dɨ̄ˀ·mà — make (someone) work (by giving orders)

jə·kə·mà·tâ — I will work

jə·mà — I do

jə·mà·kə·mâˀ — I did wrong, I made a mistake

jə·mà·θī — I killed (the insect) (direct)

jə·tâ·mà — my work

jə·tə·mà — I don't do

kə·mà·wɛ̄ — will do (with coreference marker)

kʰɔ̄·pʰlō·lə̄·sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̂·kʰɛ̄·ʔì·ʔə·mà·tâ — because he does that now (LTP.D)

kʰɨ̄·pʰīˀ·kʰɨ̄·mà — be diligent (elaborate expression from pʰīˀ-mà)

mà — causative verb (cause s.o. to)

mà·bâˀ·dō — harm

mà·bâˀ·sɔ̂ˀ — make wet

mà·blē·tʰɔ̂ˀ — smooth, make smooth

mà·kô·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kè — heat up again (causative + directional + temporal)

mà·kə·lɔ̄ — do for free

mà·kə·mâˀ — make a mistake

mà·kə·mâˀ·bâˀ — make a mistake (unexpectedly)

mà·kə·sʰɣɔ̄ — clean, make clean

mà·lō — study, learn

mà·lɔ̀·nê — make for

mà·lɔ̀·pʰāˀ — separate, cause to be apart

mà·lə̄·mà·pɣɛ̀ — complete, finish (elaborate expression)

mà·lə̄·mà·pɣɛ̀·nê·kè — complete the work for (someone) (elaborate expression with modifiers)

mà·mī — cook, make ripe

mà·môˀ·lôˀ — make round

mà·nê — do for (someone), work for (deputative beneficiary)

mà·nê·ʔɔ̂ˀ·kɛ̄ — prosperity (lit., do-get-eat-able)

mà·pàˀ·nê — fixed, prepared (for someone)

mà·plì — scare, frighten (direct causation); non-elaborate form of mà-plì-mà-pʰɨ̄ˀ

mà·plì·mà·pʰɨ̄ˀ — scare, frighten (elaborate expression; more extreme than mà-plì)

mà·pə·tɨ̀ˀ — stop (tr.), make stop

mà·sê·kɔ̄ˀ — also do

mà·sə̀ — help (by doing)

mà·sʰûˀ — force, attack, do forcefully

mà·tâ — do, work, do something; non-elaborate correspondent of pʰīˀ-tâ-mà-tâ

mà·tê — practice, do (over time)

mà·tʰwɛ̄ — follow, obey

mà·xɨ̀ˀ — have dealings with, do with

mà·ʔā·tʰɔ̂ˀ — increase directly, raise (e.g., salaries)

mà·ʔɔ̂ˀ — do for eating, farm, cultivate, fish, hunt for food

mà·ʔə·θāˀ — behave, be like; happen (anticausative)

mà·θī — kill (direct action)

mà·θī·kwìˀ — kill completely, kill (emphatic)

mà·θī·lɔ̀·ʔə·θāˀ — kill oneself

mà·θə·kōˀ — do together, cooperate

mà·là·kə·pɔ̀ — celebrate

mà·lòˀ — order, tell (v.)

mà·lō — study, learn

mà·lō·nê — learn and get, learn successfully

mà·lō·nê·tə·nîˀ·lī — have studied for one year (persistent situation)

mà·sə̀ — help

mà·tâ — work (v.) (do-thing)

mà·ʔêˀ — causative verb emphasizing causing event (Ratanakul 1981; not attested elsewhere)

mà·θī — kill (make-die)

mà·θī·lɔ̀·kwìˀ — kill (himself)

mà·wɛ̄ — (they) do (with coreference marker)

nə·kə·mà — you will do

nə·mà — you do, you are doing, you did

nə·mà·lɔ̀·pʰāˀ — you separated (me)

nə·tə·mà·kə·dɔ̄ˀ·lə̀ — you won't do again

pə·mà — we do, we work

pə·tâ·pʰīˀ·tâ·mà — our work (example 723)

pɣà·mà·tâ·pʰō — worker

pɣà·mà·lō·tâ·pʰō — student

pʰīˀ·mà — work (verbal coordinate compound)

pʰīˀ·sə̀·mà·sə̀ — help (elaborate expression with verbal modifier sə̀)

pʰīˀ·tâ·mà·tâ — work (verb) (elaborate expression with noun tâ)

pʰīˀ·tə·kɛ̄·mà·tə·kɛ̄ — is unable to work (6-syllable elaborate expression with negation)

pʰīˀ·wɛ̄·mà·wɛ̄ — (s.o.) works (elaborate expression with coreference marker)

tâ·mà·kʰɨ̄ˀ — upland field cultivation

tâ·mà·lō — studies, education, lesson (nominalized)

tâ·mà·lō·lìˀ — studying

tâ·mà·sə̀ — help (n.)

tâ·pʰīˀ·tâ·mà — work (noun) (elaborate expression with nominalizer tâ)

tâ·lɔ̂·lə̄·pʰɨ̄·θāˀ·pɣâ·mà·θī·tʰɔ̄ˀ·ʔə·lɔ̂ — the place where the old man killed the pig (Jones 1961)

tâ·mà — job, work (noun)

tâ·mà·bâˀ·xāˀ·tâ·mà·sə̀·pɣà·bâˀ·kɔ̄·bâˀ·kʰɛ̄ — work concerned with helping people in trouble (Jones 1961)

tâ·mà·sə̀ — help (noun) (from tâ 'thing' + mà 'do' + sə̀ 'help')

tâ·pʰīˀ·tâ·mà — work (noun), job

tâ·ɲâˀ·pà·mà·mī — this piece of meat was cooked (Ratanakul 1981, with pà)

tə·lôˀ·lə̄·pə·lɛ̀·mà·xɨ̀ˀ — we don't need to go have dealings with (them) (with complement)

tə·mà — not do

tə·mà·kə·mâˀ — not do wrong things

tə·mà·tâ — didn't work

ɣɨ̀ˀ·mà·nêˀ — claim, try hard to get

ʔə·kə·mà — he does/will do

ʔə·hêˀ·dɨ̄ˀ·mà — he made (the elephant) work

ʔə·mà — he does

ʔə·mà·nê — they get (by doing)

ʔə·mà·tâ — they work

ʔə·mà·wɛ̄ — they did (with coreference marker)

ʔə·tâ·mà·sə̀ — his help

ʔə·tə·mà·lō·nàˀ·ɣè — even though he hasn't studied

θē·pʰīˀ·θē·mà — be skilled in work of any kind

mâ

disappear (second element)

hā·mâ — be lost, disappear

kə·lɔ̀·mâ·nê·kwìˀ — would disappear on them

kə·mâ — debt, money owed

lɔ̀·mâ — disappear, be lost

lɔ̀·mâ·kwìˀ — disappear, be lost

lɔ̀·mâ·nê·kwìˀ — disappear on (someone) (malefactive)

mâˀ

intensifier (with 'later')

jə·mà·kə·mâˀ — I did wrong, I made a mistake

kwɛ̄ˀ·kə·mâˀ — make a mistake in writing

kə·mâˀ — be wrong, be incorrect; V incorrectly, V by mistake (adverbial modifier)

mà·kə·mâˀ — make a mistake

mà·kə·mâˀ·bâˀ — make a mistake (unexpectedly)

pɣè·kə·mâˀ — buy the wrong thing

tə·mà·kə·mâˀ — not do wrong things

ʔɔ̂ˀ·kə·mâˀ — eat the wrong thing, eat something bad

mā

wife

kə·tʰɔ̂ˀ·pʰō·nê·mā·lɔ̀ˀ — marry and raise families with each other (irrealis prefix precedes elaborate expression, reciprocal follows)

mā·kɛ̂ˀ — market

tʰɔ̂ˀ·pʰō·nê·mā — raise children and get married (coordinate compound)

ʔə·mā — his wife

māˀ

intensifier (very)
be hard, tough, be tight (as independent verb)
only after, not before
only then (adverbial particle)
even (particle with scope over preceding)
only then, finally (clause-final)

dôˀ·māˀ — greatly, very

dôˀ·māˀ — be very big; intensifier meaning 'very, very much, a lot' (with clause-modifying verbs)

māˀ·lɛ̂ˀ — emphatic final particle (Western varieties, Mawlamyine)

nāˀ·māˀ — very severe

nāˀ·māˀ — be very severe (with negative properties)

pə·mê·kʰɨ̄·māˀ·pə·ʔɔ̂ˀ·bâˀ — only if we work hard, we will get to eat (Karen proverbs)

sʰə̄·māˀ·bɛ̄·māˀ — very tasty (elaborate expression with intensifier māˀ)

tɨ̀·lə̄·nə·θāˀ·mī·māˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·nə·kə·hāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — only when you're satisfied you will leave (Karen sermon)

wîˀ·māˀ — be very tasty, enjoy greatly

ɣɔ̀·māˀ — be very early

ʔā·māˀ — very many, a lot, very much

ʔā·māˀ — be very many, a lot, very much (intensifier)

θē·māˀ — very skilled, very much

mè

cooked rice, food

mè·tʰī — boiled rice water (example 683)

mè·wā — white rice, good life (metaphorical)

mè·ɦò·tʰī·ɦò — rice and water (elaborate expression)

mê·lə̄·mè·tə·jə̄·bâˀ — because there's not enough rice (HUR, interchangeable with kʰɔ̄.pʰlō.lə̄)

nə·mè — your rice (example 824)

pʰɛ̄·jə·ʔɔ̂ˀ·mè·wì·ʔə·lɔ̂·kʰī — after I have eaten (with relator noun lɔ̂.kʰī)

tâ·kɔ̀·mè — fasting (nominalized verb phrase)

tâ·môˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ·jə·θāˀ·lə̄·mè — I want to eat (Kato 1993)

tâ·θâˀ·wì·ʔɔ̂ˀ·jə·θāˀ·lə̄·mè — I am hungry

tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·lə̄·jə·ʔɔ̂ˀ·mè·nêˀ·jə·ʔɔ̄·sʰō·tʰī — before I eat, I first drink water (with sʰō 'first')

tɨ̀·pɣà·ʔɔ̂ˀ·mè·wì·nêˀ — when people have finished eating (Ballard 1973b)

ʔɔ̂ˀ·mè — eat, have a meal

ʔɔ̂ˀ·mè·ʔɔ̄·tʰī — eat and drink (cumulative type elaborate expression)

mê

be true, be the case (descriptive verb)
copula verb 'be' (identificational/attributive)
if, when (conditional verb)
yes (affirmative response)
or (colloquial short form)
indirect question marker 'if, whether'
although (concessive marker)
question marker

dīˀ·jə·mê·pâ·tə·ɣà·ʔə·θōˀ — as a father (Vlog, copula clause instead of NP possessor of θōˀ)

hɛ̄·mê·sʰō·dɨ̄ — if you come early (Vlog, with frame-setting dɨ̄)

jə·mê — I am; if I (conditional)

jə·mê — if I (full form)

mê·kè — become again

mê·sê·kɔ̄ˀ — are also

mê·tɔ̄ — be true (coordinate compound)

mê·wì — after (lit., when finished)

mê·hē — cancer

mê·lə̄ — since, because (causal adverbializer)

mê·lə̄·kwɛ̄·pʰō·lôˀ·bâˀ·wɛ̄·pʰɔ̄ — because bees need flowers (Vlog)

mê·lə̄·mè·tə·jə̄·bâˀ — because there's not enough rice (HUR, interchangeable with kʰɔ̄.pʰlō.lə̄)

mê·ɣè — or (clause-final alternative conjunction; both options possible); whatever (with 'one-kind')

mê·wɛ̄ — is (with coreference marker)

mê·wɛ̄·dâˀ — is (with coreference marker)

mē·mê — if, as for (example 731)

mē·mê — in contrast, however

mē·tə·mê — or (alternative conjunction; lit., 'if not so')

mē·tə·mê·bâˀ — or (with negative particle)

nə·mê — if you; even though you (concessive)

nə·mê·pʰlō·tʰɔ̂ˀ·tʃō·wì — after you have graduated (when with certainty, HUR)

nə·mê·tə·lɛ̀·bâˀ — if you don't go (negative conditional, Ballard 1973a)

nə·mê·tə·θêˀ·ɲā·sʰō·bâˀ·nêˀ — if you hadn't known from before (counterfactual, Vlog)

nə·mê·ʔɔ̂ˀ·bâˀ·pʰɨ̄ˀ·mə·kɔ̀ˀ·dɨ̄ — if you had eaten it just now by any chance (Ballard 1973c, counterfactual)

nə·mê·ʔɛ̂ˀ·dōˀ·lɛ̀·dɔ̄ˀ·jà — if you want to go with me (LTP, conditional clause)

pə·mê — if we; we are

pə·mê·kʰɨ̄·māˀ·pə·ʔɔ̂ˀ·bâˀ — only if we work hard, we will get to eat (Karen proverbs)

pə·mê·wɛ̄·dâˀ — we are (with coreference marker)

pə·rē·ʔɔ̀·mê·θē — if we know how to deal with them (mê preceding descriptive verb θē)

pʰɔ̂ˀ·kwâ·mê·ʔə·kô·wɛ̄·dôˀ·tʰɛ̄·lɛ̂ˀ — touch to see how hot it is (with mê in interrogative complement)

tâ·sù·kʰā·kə·tɔ̂·mê·wì — when the rainy season is over (news article)

tə·mê — not true, it is not the case, is not (cleft negation)

tə·mê·lə̀·wɛ̄·dâˀ — was no longer (the case)

tə·mê·lə̄ — it is not the case that (cleft negation with complementizer)

tə·mê·wɛ̄·dâˀ — was no longer

tɨ̀·mê — when (stressing specific anticipated moment; from tɨ̀ + mê)

tɨ̀·mê·klôˀ·ʔə·kê·ʔə·ɣɔ̀·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·tə·sɨ̄ — once the drum-casting mould has been formed (Karen drum)

ʔə·mê — he is

ʔə·mê·ʔə·tɔ̄ — true, truth (elaborate expression)

ʔə·tə·mê·wɛ̄·dâˀ — it is not true (with coreference marker)

ʔə·tʰûˀ·mê·tə·ʔôˀ·ʔā·bâˀ·sʰâˀ — although there were not many plants (Moon rabbit, with mê)

mêˀ

fire
fingernail, claw

lêˀ·mêˀ·ʔū — train

lêˀ·mêˀ·ʔū — train (vehicle)

mêˀ·pô — bomb

mêˀ·ʔū — fire

sɨ̄·mêˀ — claw

mē

if (conditional, Tone 1 variant, Kayin-Tak variety)

mē·mê — if, as for (example 731)

mē·wì·blɔ̄ — then, after that (colloquial, lit., once finished)

mē·mê — in contrast, however

mē·tə·mê — or (alternative conjunction; lit., 'if not so')

mē·tə·mê·bâˀ — or (with negative particle)

mē·wì·blɔ̄ — after that, then (lit., COND-finish-time)

mì

name
kind, sort (classifier for kinds
< 'name, kind')
be wild (in tʰōˀ-mì 'wild boar', kəsʰɔ̄-mì 'wild elephant')

jə·mì — my name

kə·sʰɔ̄·mì — wild elephant

mì·lə̄·nɔ̂·wā — my name is Naw Wah (quotative with noun)

mì·pɣà — father-in-law

tə·mì — one kind, one thing, anything, something

tə·mì·mì — whatever, anything, something (reduplicated)

tə·mì·mì — something (one-kind(RDP))

tʰōˀ·mì — wild boar

tʰwîˀ·mì — wolf

ʔə·mì — his name

ʔə·mì·dôˀ — famous (lit., its big name)

mī

sleep
lie down
be ripe, be cooked

jə·mī·mɔ̂ — I dreamt

kè·mī — go back to sleep (example 611)

lɔ̂·mī — bed, sleeping place

lɔ̂·mī — bed

mà·mī — cook, make ripe

mī·nɔ̀ — lie down

mī·bâˀ — fell asleep

mī·lɔ̀ — lie down

mī·dôˀ·θâˀ·θɔ̄ — be well-known (elaborate expression)

mī·lɔ̀ — lie down

mī·mɔ̂ — dream (v.)

mī·mɔ̂·lə̄ — dream that (complement clause)

mī·nɔ̀ — lie down (posture verb used in concurrent action constructions)

mī·ɲɔ̀ — cat (abbreviated form)

mī·ɲɔ̀·mô — female cat

môˀ·mī — want to sleep (desiderative compound, N.Thailand)

nə·θāˀ·mī — you are satisfied

plɛ̄·mī — allow to sleep

tâ·mī — sleep (noun, nominalized verb)

tâ·mī·mɔ̂ — dream

tâ·môˀ·mī·θāˀ — I am tired (N.Thailand construction)

tâ·ɲâˀ·pà·mà·mī — this piece of meat was cooked (Ratanakul 1981, with pà)

tɨ̀·lə̄·nə·θāˀ·mī·māˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·nə·kə·hāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — only when you're satisfied you will leave (Karen sermon)

ʔə·mī·dôˀ·θâˀ·θɔ̄ — it is well-known

θâˀ·mī·ɲɔ̀ — cat

θâˀ·mī·ɲɔ̀·tî — tom cat, male cat

θāˀ·mī — be satisfied, be content

mīˀ

mīˀ·nīˀ — minute (loanword?)

ʔə·mīˀ·nīˀ — minutes

mjō

kind, type (classifier for kinds
from Burmese myò)

mjɛ̂ˀ

mjɛ̂ˀ·tʃī·ŋûˀ — Myaing Gyi Ngu (place/person name)

mlàˀ

tə·mlàˀ — robber (example 830)

tə·mlàˀ·nê — rob, plunder

mlâ

tə·mlâ — rob (v.)

mlə̂

civilian (second element?)

dīˀ·θōˀ·pɣà·kə·mlə̂·kə·tʰîˀ — so that the audience would see (Vlog, with dīˀ.θōˀ dɔ̄ˀ)

kə·mlə̂ — public, audience; civilian

pɣà·kə·mlə̂ — public, audience

mòˀ

cigarette

ʔɔ̄·mòˀ — smoke (verb)

mô

mother
female marker for animals
black (in sʰē.mô.θū 'black tunic')

dɔ̄·mô·pʰā — male-female pairs (Wade 1897's term for coordinate compounds)

jə·mô — my mother

jə·mô·jə·pâ — my parents (A-B-A-C elaborate expression)

mī·ɲɔ̀·mô — female cat

mô·pâ — parents (cumulative kinship coordinate compound)

mô·pâ — parents (mother-father)

nə·mô·nə·pâ — your parents

sʰē·mô·wā — white tunic

sʰē·mô·θū — black traditional Karen tunic

sʰɔ̄·mô — hen

tâ·θə·jɨ̂·jə·θāˀ·lə̄·mô — I miss mother

ʔə·mô — his/her mother

ʔə·mô·ʔə·pâ — his parents

môˀ

think (second element in sʰō.môˀ, kəmôˀ)
desiderative verb 'want to' (N.Thailand, Mawlamyine)

jə·sʰō·jə·kə·môˀ — I think (rare elaborate form)

jə·sʰō·kə·môˀ — I think (headed compound form)

jə·sʰō·kə·môˀ — I think

jə·sʰō·môˀ — I think

kə·kwâ·sʰō·kə·môˀ·dīˀ — will still consider it (Ballard 1973b)

kə·môˀ — think (second element of sʰō-kəmôˀ)

mà·môˀ·lôˀ — make round

môˀ·kè — want to return/go home

môˀ·lɨ̂ — want to raise/feed

môˀ·mī — want to sleep (desiderative compound, N.Thailand)

môˀ·pɔ̂ — want to swim

môˀ·pʰāˀ — want to read

môˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ — want to eat

môˀ·lôˀ — be round

nə·kə·sʰō·kə·môˀ — you would think

nə·môˀ — you want

nə·môˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ·θāˀ·tâ — Do you want to eat something? (Kato 1993, experiencer as subject)

nə·sʰō·kə·môˀ — you think

nə·sʰō·môˀ — you think

nə·tâ·sʰō·kə·môˀ — your thoughts

nə·tâ·sʰō·kə·môˀ·lə̄·ʔə·bâˀ·xāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·tâ·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·θāˀ — your thoughts about that incident

sʰō·kə·môˀ — think (coordinate compound)

sʰō·kə·môˀ — think

sʰō·môˀ — think (variant of sʰō.kəmôˀ)

sʰō·môˀ·lə̄ — think that (with complement)

tâ·môˀ·kè·θāˀ — I want to go home

tâ·môˀ·lɨ̂·θāˀ·lə̄·dêˀ — they wanted to raise frogs

tâ·môˀ·mī·θāˀ — I am tired (N.Thailand construction)

tâ·môˀ·pɔ̂·jə·θāˀ·lə̄·tʰī — I want to swim (impersonal construction)

tâ·môˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ·jə·θāˀ·lə̄·mè — I want to eat (Kato 1993)

tâ·sʰō·kə·môˀ — thought (n.)

tə·môˀ — not want to (negative desiderative)

tə·môˀ·kè — don't want to return

mō

mother, mom (familiar form)
mother? (in dɔ̄-mō-wà 'married couple')

dɔ̄·mō·wà — married couple, pair of wife and husband (with dɔ̄ collective)

dɔ̄·mō·wà — couple (husband and wife)

jə·mō — my mom, my mother (familiar form)

mō·pā — parents (example 689)

mō·mō — mom(my) (familiar term of address, reduplicated)

nə·mō — your mom (familiar)

pɣà·dɔ̄·mō·wà — couple, married couple

mûˀ

kə·mûˀ — powder

tâ·kə·mûˀ — dust

mū

duty, responsibility (first element in mū-dā)
life (in tâ.ʔôˀ.mū 'life')
sky, heaven (first element in mū.kʰôˀ)
movie (in tâ.ɣɔ̀.mū 'movie')

hīˀ·mū·hīˀ·dā — take responsibility (elaborate expression from mū-dā)

mū·dā — duty (nominal coordinate compound; dā not independent)

mū·kʰôˀ — sky, heaven

mū·kʰôˀ·tʰī — rainwater

nə·tâ·ʔôˀ·mū — your life

nə̄·mū — smell fragrant

nə̄·mū·tʰɔ̂ˀ — smell good, become fragrant (inchoative)

pə·θə·mū·θə·kōˀ — our friend

pʰɛ̄·mū·kʰôˀ·sù·ʔə·sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̂ — when it rains (with sʰə̄.kətɔ̂)

tâ·ʔôˀ·mū — life (thing-live)

tâ·ɣɔ̀·mū — movie

tâ·ʔôˀ·mū — life

ʔôˀ·mū — live, life (in tâ.ʔôˀ.mū 'life')

ʔə·ʔôˀ·mū·bâˀ — they get to live

θāˀ·θə·mū — life

θāˀ·θə·mū·tì·θə·kōˀ — soulmate

θə·mū·θə·kōˀ — friend (elaborate expression?)

mwì

pɣà·tə·mwì — guest

tə·mwì — guest (second element)

mwɛ̄

θū·mwɛ̄·kʰī·tʃō — Thoo Mweh Khee School

mɔ̀

optative marker (sentence-initial)
interrogative thematizer 'how about'
attenuative final particle

mɔ̀·nɔ̀ — combined politeness particle

θɨ̄ˀ·mɔ̀·sō·rò — junta, military government

mɔ̂

Maw (part of personal name)
dream (second element in tâ-mī.mɔ̂ 'dream')

bâˀ·tâ·xɨ̄·tʰîˀ·nê·ʔɔ̀·lə̄·pʰɨ̄·mɔ̂·tɔ̂ — were discovered by (agent in oblique phrase)

jə·mī·mɔ̂ — I dreamt

mī·mɔ̂ — dream (v.)

mī·mɔ̂·lə̄ — dream that (complement clause)

pʰɨ̄·mɔ̂·tɔ̂ — Old Maw Taw (legend character)

tâ·mī·mɔ̂ — dream

mɔ̂ˀ

interrogative thematizer 'how about' (with rising intonation)
final particle (softening request)
attenuative final particle

bə·mɔ̂ˀ — Bhamo (place name)

mɔ̄

mouthful

mɔ̄·nɔ̄ — combined final particle (attenuative + agreement)

mə

prefix in question words

bâˀ·mə·nɨ̀·ʔə·xō·lɛ̂ˀ — why (full interrogative adverbial phrase); why (rhetorical question introducing explanation)

bâˀ·mə·nɨ̀ — why (content question word)

bâˀ·mə·nɨ̀·ʔə·xō — why (rhetorical question, shorter form)

bâˀ·mə·nɨ̀·ʔə·xō·lɛ̂ˀ — why (rhetorical question)

bâˀ·mə·nɨ̀·ʔə·xō·lɛ̂ˀ·nêˀ — why? (followed by explanation, Vlog)

dīˀ·pə·kwɛ̄ˀ·pə·pʰāˀ·ʔɔ̀·lə̄·mɨ̂·mə·sʰā·tə·nì·ʔì·ʔə·θōˀ — as we read and write them today (Karen nationalism, similative clause modifying NP)

jə·mə·lɛ̀ — if I go

kʰɛ̄·mə·sʰêˀ — tomorrow

kʰɛ̄·mə·hā — this evening (example 740)

mə — conditional prefix 'if, when' (from mê; atonal in some N.Thailand varieties); contracted form of mɨ̂ 'sun' in temporal expressions

mə·hā — yesterday

mə·hā·kə̀ˀ — yesterday

mə·hā·tə·nîˀ — last year

mə·hɛ̄ — if (you) come

mə·mɛ̀ˀ·hīˀ — if drunk (with conditional prefix mə-)

mə·nà — last night

mə·hā — yesterday; continuative marker

mə·hā·kə̀ˀ — yesterday

mə·hō — last year

mə·hō·kə̀ˀ — last year

mə·kɔ̀ˀ — just now, a moment ago

mə·nɨ̀ — what (content question word)

mə·nɨ̄ˀ — what (variant of mənɨ̀)

mə·sā — at present, now

mə·tà — who; what (short form of mətəɣà)

mə·tə·ɣà — who (content question word)

mɨ̂·mə·sʰā — day (temporal expression)

mɨ̂·mə·sʰā — day (temporal)

nə·mê·ʔɔ̂ˀ·bâˀ·pʰɨ̄ˀ·mə·kɔ̀ˀ·dɨ̄ — if you had eaten it just now by any chance (Ballard 1973c, counterfactual)

tɛ̄·tâ·bâˀ·xāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·mə·hā·kə̀ˀ — talking about yesterday (noun omitted)

θə·mə·dā — president

mə̀

woman (second element in mɨ̂ˀ-mə̀, only in compounds)
hesitation final particle (Kayin-Tak)

mɨ̂ˀ·mə̀ — woman (partial reduplication compound; mə̀ not independent)

pòˀ·mɨ̂ˀ·pòˀ·mə̀ — women (elaborate expression from mɨ̂ˀ-mə̀; pòˀ from Wade 1896 'human species')

mə̂ˀ

final particle indicating assuredness (Chiang Mai, Ballard 1973c)

mə̄

order, tell, command, ask to (manipulative verb from PTB *miːn 'name, command')
thousand (numeric classifier, used with money
variant of kətʰō)

jə·mə̄ — I order, I ask

mə̄·jə·kwɛ̄ˀ·lìˀ·pʰō — ask me to write little books (Jones 1961)

mə̄·nê·sʰûˀ — force to (emphatic)

mə̄·nə·lɛ̀·də̂ˀ·tʰī — ask you to go and draw water (Ballard 1973b)

mə̄·pə·lɛ̀·tʰîˀ·lòˀ·θāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·ʔə·wɛ̄·θêˀ — order us to meet with them (News interview)

mə̄·sê·kɔ̄ˀ — also asked

mə̄·sʰûˀ — force, order forcefully

mə̄·ʔə·pʰō·pʰɨ̄ˀ·kə·nɛ̄·hāˀ — have the son smoke away the bees (Ratanakul 1981)

mə̄·nê·sʰûˀ — force (v.) (order-get-be.strong)

mɛ̀

mɛ̀·tû — eyebrow

mɛ̀ˀ

eye, face

jə·mɛ̀ˀ·kʰlī — my eye

jə·mɛ̀ˀ·sʰûˀ — my eyelashes

lìˀ·mɛ̀ˀ·pʰlə̂ˀ — letter, character, alphabet

lə̄·nêˀ·ʔə·mɛ̀ˀ·ɲā — additionally, on top of that

mə·mɛ̀ˀ·hīˀ — if drunk (with conditional prefix mə-)

mɛ̀ˀ·blɔ̂ˀ — be blind

mɛ̀ˀ·kʰīˀ·θū — be dizzy

mɛ̀ˀ·sʰɣāˀ — be shy, be ashamed

mɛ̀ˀ·tʰī — tear (noun) (eye-water)

mɛ̀ˀ·tʰī·mɛ̀ˀ·nō — tear (noun) (A-B-A-C elaborate expression; nō only in EEs)

mɛ̀ˀ·hīˀ — be drunk, be intoxicated

mɛ̀ˀ·kʰlī — eye (lit., eye-ball)

mɛ̀ˀ·kʰlī·pʰō — little eyes

mɛ̀ˀ·pʰlə̂ˀ — letter (of alphabet) (in lìˀ.mɛ̀ˀ.pʰlə̂ˀ)

mɛ̀ˀ·sʰûˀ — eyelash

mɛ̀ˀ·sʰɣāˀ — be shy, be embarrassed

mɛ̀ˀ·tû — eyebrow

mɛ̀ˀ·tʰī·kə·là — mirror

mɛ̀ˀ·ɲā — front, before (relator noun; from mɛ̀ˀ 'eye, face' + ɲā 'front part'); in front of

mɛ̀ˀ·θâˀ — face (lit., eye-surface)

nə·mɛ̀ˀ·ɲā — in front of you

pə·mɛ̀ˀ·kʰlī — our eyes

pə·mɛ̀ˀ·tû — our eyebrows

tâ·mɛ̀ˀ·ɲā — front (place in front)

tʰūˀ·mɛ̄·plâ·mɛ̀ˀ — brush teeth and wash face (cumulative type elaborate expression)

ʔə·lìˀ·mɛ̀ˀ·pʰlə̂ˀ — their alphabet, their script

ʔə·mɛ̀ˀ — their eyes

ʔə·mɛ̀ˀ·θâˀ·lò — its surface

ʔə·mɛ̀ˀ·θâˀ·pʰō — their little faces

ʔə·mɛ̀ˀ·ɲā — its front, in front of it

mɛ̄

tooth, tusk
sprout (verb)

kî·mɛ̄ — Chiang Mai

kɔ̂·ʔə·mɛ̄·rə·kà — America

kɔ̂·ʔə·mɛ̄·rə·kà·pù — in the United States

kə·sʰɔ̄·mɛ̄ — elephant tusk

mɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ — sprout, grow

mɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kè — grow back, sprout again

nɔ̂·kʰɛ̄ˀ·mɛ̄ — toothpick

tʰōˀ·mɛ̄ — pig's tusk

tʰūˀ·mɛ̄·plâ·mɛ̀ˀ — brush teeth and wash face (cumulative type elaborate expression)

wê·kî·mɛ̄ — Chiang Mai city

ʔə·mɛ̄ — its tusk

ʔə·mɛ̄·rə·kà — America (loanword with prefix)

mɛ̄ˀ

sand

mɛ̄ˀ·kâˀ·lîˀ — Mite Kah-lee (personal name)

tʰī·sʰɛ̄ˀ·mɛ̄ˀ·jwà — Hti Hseh Meh Ywa (place name)

mɣì

ancestor

pə·mɣì — our ancestors

mɣī

randomly, about (in tâ-xê-mɣī-hāˀ-pʰlōˀ 'fleeing')

kə·mɣī — smile (second element?)

nì·kə·mɣī — smile (v.)

tâ·xê·mɣī·hāˀ·pʰlōˀ — fleeing

xê·mɣī·hāˀ·pʰlōˀ — flee (run-randomly-walk-spurt)

mɨ̀ˀ

be enjoyable, be pleasant, like (only with clausal subjects)

kwɛ̄·mɨ̀ˀ — invite

mɨ̀ˀ·bâˀ — be enjoyable for, be pleasing to (applicative use)

mɨ̀ˀ·kə·tə̂ — most enjoyable

mɨ̀ˀ·kʰɨ̂ˀ — peaceful, pleasant (verbal coordinate compound)

mɨ̀ˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get nicer, become more enjoyable

mɨ̀ˀ·mɨ̀ˀ·pʰō — pleasant, enjoyable (reduplicated with diminutive marker)

mɨ̀ˀ·mɨ̀ˀ·kʰɨ̂ˀ·kʰɨ̂ˀ — peacefully, pleasantly

tâ·mɨ̀ˀ·tâ·kʰɨ̂ˀ — peace

tâ·mɨ̀ˀ — peace

tâ·mɨ̀ˀ·tâ·kʰɨ̂ˀ — peace (thing-pleasant-thing-cool)

tə·mɨ̀ˀ — not enjoyable

ʔôˀ·mɨ̀ˀ·ʔôˀ·kʰɨ̂ˀ — be/live in peace (elaborate expression from mɨ̀ˀ-kʰɨ̂ˀ)

mɨ̂

sun
plant (noun)

dīˀ·pə·kwɛ̄ˀ·pə·pʰāˀ·ʔɔ̀·lə̄·mɨ̂·mə·sʰā·tə·nì·ʔì·ʔə·θōˀ — as we read and write them today (Karen nationalism, similative clause modifying NP)

dôˀ·dôˀ·mɨ̂·mɨ̂ — large and spacious

jə·mɨ̂·lâ — I hope

kʰɛ̄·mɨ̂·sʰêˀ — tomorrow (example 722)

mɨ̂·nì·mɨ̂·θɔ̄ — day (elaborate expression from nì-θɔ̄)

mɨ̂·sʰā·kʰɔ̄ — daytime (sun-dawn-side)

mɨ̂·xɨ̄·nì — Saturday

mɨ̂·lâ — hope (noun/verb)

mɨ̂·lâ·lə̄ — hope that (with irrealis kə- in complement)

mɨ̂·mə·sʰā — day (temporal expression)

mɨ̂·mə·sʰā — day (temporal)

mɨ̂·nì — day (lit., sun-day)

mɨ̂·ɣâ — aunt (formal term, creaky tone)

nɔ̂·mɨ̂ — Naw Mi (female name)

nə·mɨ̂·ɣâ — your aunt

pɣà·tɔ̂·ʔɔ̀·kɔ̄ˀ·mɨ̂·nì·dɛ̄ˀ — he was beaten every day (agent backgrounding with pɣà, colloquial)

pʰə̄·mɨ̂ — during (relator noun, rarer than kʰā)

pʰɛ̄·jə·tʰɔ̂ˀ·tʃō·ʔə·pʰə̄·mɨ̂ — while attending class (with pʰə̄.mɨ̂)

tâ·pàˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·xôˀ·ʔə·θə·də̄·mɨ̂·tə·bêˀ — a hti (pagoda umbrella) is placed (non-topical patient, no bâˀ)

tâ·tɔ̂·ʔɔ̀·kɔ̄ˀ·mɨ̂·nì·dɛ̄ˀ — he was beaten every day (agent backgrounding with tâ, written)

tə·sɨ̄·mɨ̂·dôˀ — one inch

ʔə·bɔ̄·mɨ̂ — his kingdom

ʔə·mɨ̂·nì — its day

ʔə·pʰə̄·mɨ̂ — during (relator noun)

ʔə·tâ·mɨ̂·lâ — her hope (example 828)

ʔə·θə·də̄·mɨ̂ — its umbrella (hti, top ornament of pagoda)

θə·də̄·mɨ̂ — umbrella

θə·də̄·mɨ̂ — umbrella (sun shade)

mɨ̂ˀ

woman, female
sun

dē·mɨ̂ˀ — little sister

jə·pʰō·mɨ̂ˀ — my daughter

jə·θə·râˀ·mɨ̂ˀ — my female teacher

mɨ̂ˀ·mə̀ — woman (partial reduplication compound; mə̀ not independent)

mɨ̂ˀ·kə·nɔ̀ — unmarried girl, young woman

mɨ̂ˀ·ɣɛ̀·dō — actress

nɔ̂ˀ·pà·mɨ̂ˀ·pʰō — little princess

pòˀ·mɨ̂ˀ·pòˀ·mə̀ — women (elaborate expression from mɨ̂ˀ-mə̀; pòˀ from Wade 1896 'human species')

pòˀ·mɨ̂ˀ — woman

pòˀ·mɨ̂ˀ·pɣâ — married woman

pɣà·pòˀ·mɨ̂ˀ — women

pɣà·pɔ̀ˀ·mɨ̂ˀ·lə̄·ʔə·mɨ̂ˀ·kə·nɔ̀ — unmarried woman

pɣà·pòˀ·mɨ̂ˀ — woman

pɣà·pɔ̀ˀ·mɨ̂ˀ — woman

pʰō·mɨ̂ˀ — daughter

pʰō·dôˀ·mɨ̂ˀ — niece (child-big-F?)

pʰō·mɨ̂ˀ — daughter (child-F)

pʰō·mɨ̂ˀ·θə·dā — youngest daughter

sə·kɔ̀·mɨ̂ˀ — chief's wife, headman's wife

wɛ̂·mɨ̂ˀ — older sister (formal term)

ʔə·pʰō·mɨ̂ˀ — his daughter, their daughter

ʔə·pʰō·mɨ̂ˀ·dôˀ — their eldest daughter

θū·kʰôˀ·mɨ̂ˀ — unbeliever, non-Christian

θə·râˀ·mɨ̂ˀ — female teacher

θə·râˀ·mɨ̂ˀ — female teacher; nurse

mɨ̄

mɨ̄·kə̀ˀ — just now

mɨ̄·ɣā — auntie (familiar term of address, low tone)

nà

you (second person singular unbound pronoun, object/topic form)
night

dīˀ·θōˀ·pɣà·kə·ʔɛ̂ˀ·nà — in order for people to love you (Ballard 1973c)

hɛ̄·ʔôˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·nà·nê·θə̄·nì·lī — have been with you for three days (persistent situation, Ballard 1973b)

mə·nà — last night

plɛ̄·jə·ʔɛ̂ˀ·nà — let me love you (bare clause complement)

pɣà·lɔ̀·ɣàˀ·nà — person who resembles you (relative clause without lə̄)

pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄·lə̄·ʔə·sē·kə·ʔā·nê·nà — people who have more money than you (possessor relativization)

tə·nà — one night

tə·plɛ̄·lɛ̀·nà — not let you go (complement-clause-taking verb)

nàˀ

believe
basket, basketful (measure/classifier)

bâˀ·sʰâˀ·θə·nàˀ·kē — although (combined concessive marker)

bâˀ·sʰâˀ·θə·nàˀ·kē — although (combined concessive)

dɨ̄ˀ·nàˀ — make (someone) believe (indirect, causee controls action)

jə·dɨ̄ˀ·nàˀ — I made him believe

lɔ̀·nàˀ — be credible

nàˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ — believe, trust

nàˀ·kē — likewise, even so, although (concessive adverb)

nàˀ·nê — trust, believe

nàˀ·ɣè — even so, although (N.Thailand variant of nàˀ.kē)

nàˀ·θə·kē — concessive variant (less common than θənàˀ.kē)

nə·pʰə̄·nɨ̀ˀ·lə̂·sʰū·tʰə̂ˀ·pù·bâˀ·sʰâˀ·θə·nàˀ·kē — although you put a stone in the bag (LTP.D, concessive without mê)

pə·nàˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ — we trust, we believe in

sû·nàˀ — believe (synonymous type coordinate compound; nàˀ not independent)

tâ·nàˀ·nê·lɔ̀·θāˀ — confidence (nominalized reflexive verb)

tâ·sû·tâ·nàˀ — belief (nominal elaborate expression from sû-nàˀ)

tâ·nàˀ — faith

ʔə·tə·mà·lō·nàˀ·ɣè — even though he hasn't studied

θə·nàˀ·kē — even so, although, likewise (concessive clause-final adverb; also additive marker 'likewise')

nâ

ear
Na (part of personal name)

jə·tə·nâ·hū — I can't hear

jə·tə·nâ·pə̂ — I don't understand

kʰôˀ·nâ — leader (head-ear)

nâ·hū — hear

nâ·kêˀ — naughty, disobedient

nâ·lò — be obedient

nâ·pə̂ — understand

nâ·hū — hear

nâ·hū·kōˀ·ʔɔ̀ — hear (someone) calling him (bare complement with bound pronoun)

pə·nâ — water buffalo

pə·nâ·pʰīˀ — buffalo hide

pɣà·kʰôˀ·pɣà·nâ — leader

pʰɨ̄·tʰɔ̄·nâ·θrɛ̄ — Hpu Htaw Na Threh (personal name)

nâˀ

fish

dêˀ·ɦò·nâˀ·ɦò — fish (elaborate expression with ɦò; group/mass reference)

dō·kə·nâˀ — listen, obey

jə·dō·kə·nâˀ — I listen, I obey

kôˀ·rôˀ·nâˀ — coronavirus (loanword)

kə·nâˀ — listen

nâˀ·hū — hear (co-occurs with θɔ̂ˀ 'sound')

nâˀ·rîˀ — hour, clock; watch

tə·nâˀ·rîˀ — one hour

ʔā·nâˀ — be modest

nā

be severe, be serious

nā·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get more severe

nā·dē — nose

nā·kē — likewise, also (variant of nàˀ.kē)

tâ·nā — demon, warlock (example 677)

nāˀ

be severe, be serious
be tough, be hard
sword

dīˀ·nāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — the more severe (it) becomes

nāˀ·māˀ — very severe

nāˀ·nê — worse than

nāˀ·tə·lə̄ — too many, too severe

nāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get worse

nāˀ·māˀ — be very severe (with negative properties)

nāˀ·nāˀ·kə·lɛ̀ˀ — seriously, severely

nāˀ·nāˀ·pʰɣɔ̂ˀ·pʰɣɔ̂ˀ — tough (reduplicated elaborate)

nè

dōˀ·θə·nè — lean, depend

dōˀ·θə·nè·tʰɔ̂ˀ — depend on

θə·nè·kè — lean on, depend on (expresses reversed dependency)

nê

get (verb)
succeed in, manage to (verb of possibility, with effort)
be allowed to, have permission (verb of possibility)
benefactive marker (adds beneficiary/recipient argument
from nê 'get')
comparative marker (follows descriptive verb
cognate with Eastern Pwo náiɴ)
perfect marker (N.Thailand)
get (the chance) to (secondary verb
N.Thailand, Thai influence)

bâˀ·nê — cheaper than

bâˀ·tâ·xɨ̄·tʰîˀ·nê·ʔɔ̀·lə̄·pʰɨ̄·mɔ̂·tɔ̂ — were discovered by (agent in oblique phrase)

bɣɔ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·nê — repair for (me)

dôˀ·nê — greater than, bigger than (used with clause-modifying verbs in comparisons)

dôˀ·nê·dīˀ — greater than

dôˀ·nê·ʔə·lɔ̂ — bigger than before

dō·nê — take (a picture), strike for someone

dōˀ·nê — receive

dōˀ·nê — receive, get

dōˀ·nê·bâˀ — receive (with opportunity meaning)

dɨ̄ˀ·nê — fight for (someone)

hā·nê — get dark on (someone) (malefactive)

hīˀ·nê·kwìˀ — took away (grabbed and got away with)

hīˀ·nê — take (concurrent action verb 'take and/to')

hɔ̂ˀ·nê — cry on/for (someone) (malefactive)

hɛ̄·ʔôˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·nà·nê·θə̄·nì·lī — have been with you for three days (persistent situation, Ballard 1973b)

jə·hɛ̄·sòˀ·nê — I bring for (her)

jə·kə·ʔɔ̂ˀ·nê — I will eat for (you)

jə·kɛ̄·nê — act as for

jə·kʰāˀ·nê — I shoot (and get)

jɨ̂·nê — name (v.)

kâˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ·nê — roast for (someone) (example 549)

kwâ·nê·wɛ̄ — find (by looking)

kə·kʰīˀ·nê — will get dark on (them) (malefactive)

kə·lɔ̀·mâ·nê·kwìˀ — would disappear on them

kə·nê — will be able to

kə·nê·bâˀ — will get (opportunity)

kə·plâ·nê — will release for (us)

kə·tʰɔ̂ˀ·pʰō·nê·mā·lɔ̀ˀ — marry and raise families with each other (irrealis prefix precedes elaborate expression, reciprocal follows)

kə·ʔā·nê — will be more than

kə̂ˀ·nê — lazier than

kə̂ˀ·nê·dīˀ — lazier than

kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·nê — become for (us)

kʰīˀ·nê — darkness comes over (someone) (malefactive)

lɔ̀·mâ·nê·kwìˀ — disappear on (someone) (malefactive)

lɛ̀·nê — go for (someone), go instead of (deputative beneficiary)

mà·lɔ̀·nê — make for

mà·lə̄·mà·pɣɛ̀·nê·kè — complete the work for (someone) (elaborate expression with modifiers)

mà·nê — do for (someone), work for (deputative beneficiary)

mà·nê·ʔɔ̂ˀ·kɛ̄ — prosperity (lit., do-get-eat-able)

mà·pàˀ·nê — fixed, prepared (for someone)

mà·lō·nê — learn and get, learn successfully

mà·lō·nê·tə·nîˀ·lī — have studied for one year (persistent situation)

mə̄·nê·sʰûˀ — force to (emphatic)

mə̄·nê·sʰûˀ — force (v.) (order-get-be.strong)

nàˀ·nê — trust, believe

nāˀ·nê — worse than

nê·bâˀ — get, receive (with opportunity meaning)

nê·dâˀ — can only

nê·kè — get (in contrast to previous situation, e.g., before inflation)

nê·kə·lɔ̄ — get for free

nê·bâˀ — get (opportunity)

nə·kə·dōˀ·nê·bâˀ — you will receive/get (opportunity)

nə·xē·nê — you request (for someone)

nə·θī·kwâ·nê — you ask on behalf of

pàˀ·kwìˀ·nê — put away for (someone)

plâ·nê — release for (someone's benefit)

pə·tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·nê — we didn't catch up with

pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄·lə̄·ʔə·sē·kə·ʔā·nê·nà — people who have more money than you (possessor relativization)

pɣâ·nê — older than

pɣè·nê — buy for (someone) (recipient beneficiary); buy and get

pɣè·nê·ʔā·tʰɔ̂ˀ — buy more (example 762)

pʰāˀ·nê — read for (someone); really able (with verb of possibility)

pʰāˀ·nê·ɲā — really be able to endure

pʰlāˀ·nê — hoe for

pʰɔ̂ˀ·nê — catch (and get) (example 763)

sòˀ·nê — carry for (someone)

sʰāˀ·nê — stitch for (someone)

sʰīˀ·nê — smaller than

sʰə̄·nê — send to (someone) (vs. sʰə̄ jà 'send me off')

sʰɣə̄·nê — send for

tâ·nàˀ·nê·lɔ̀·θāˀ — confidence (nominalized reflexive verb)

tē·nê — build for (someone), create for (someone)

tə·nê — cannot, was not able to

tə·nê·dīˀ — not yet able

tə·ʔôˀ·nê — there is no benefit for

tə·mlàˀ·nê — rob, plunder

tɛ̄·nê — tell about

tʰɔ̂ˀ·pʰō·nê·mā — raise children and get married (coordinate compound)

tʰɔ̄·nê — longer than

xē·jòˀ·nê — ask to get to carry for someone (complex embedding)

xɨ̄·tʰîˀ·nê — discover, find

xɨ̄·tʰîˀ·nê·θə·kōˀ — find together, discover together

xɨ̄·tʰə̄·nê — choose for (someone's benefit)

ʔā·nê — more, more than usual

ʔîˀ·nê — narrower than

ʔôˀ·nê — exist for (someone), there is for (someone)

ʔɔ̂ˀ·nê — eat for (someone)

ʔə·dōˀ·nê·wɛ̄ — they receive (with coreference marker)

ʔə·kə·nê·bâˀ — he/she will get (opportunity)

ʔə·mà·nê — they get (by doing)

ʔə·θāˀ·pɣâ·nê — older than

θāˀ·kêˀ·nê — more envious than

θē·nê — better at, more skilled than

θī·kwâ·nê — ask on (someone's) behalf

nêˀ

that (distal demonstrative, occurs last in NP)
frame-setting particle (from nêˀ 'that')
marks topic NPs, conditional clauses

bâˀ·mə·nɨ̀·ʔə·xō·lɛ̂ˀ·nêˀ — why? (followed by explanation, Vlog)

dâˀ·wɛ̄·nêˀ — topic marker (dâˀ + wɛ̄ + nêˀ?)

dī·nêˀ — like that (variant of dīˀ.nêˀ)

dīˀ·nêˀ — like that (adverb)

dīˀ·nêˀ — like that (adverb modifying preceding NP or clause)

dɨ̄·nêˀ — topic marker (dɨ̄ + nêˀ?)

lə̄·nêˀ — at/from/to there

lə̄·nêˀ·ʔə·mɛ̀ˀ·ɲā — additionally, on top of that

lə̄·nêˀ — there

nêˀ·lɔ̀ — final particle (formal factual)

nêˀ·nêˀ — frame-setting particle (reduplicated)

nə·mê·tə·θêˀ·ɲā·sʰō·bâˀ·nêˀ — if you hadn't known from before (counterfactual, Vlog)

pʰɛ̄·nêˀ — there

pʰɛ̄·nêˀ — there (locative)

sʰū·nêˀ — to there

tâ·tɛ̄·wɛ̄·dâˀ·tə·blɔ̄·nêˀ — once upon a time (lit., someone told once...) (story opening formula)

tâ·nêˀ — that (demonstrative pronoun: thing-that)

tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·lə̄·jə·ʔɔ̂ˀ·mè·nêˀ·jə·ʔɔ̄·sʰō·tʰī — before I eat, I first drink water (with sʰō 'first')

tɨ̀·pɣà·ʔɔ̂ˀ·mè·wì·nêˀ — when people have finished eating (Ballard 1973b)

tʰîˀ·lòˀ·kwɛ̄·lə̄·nêˀ — see (him) playing there (bare complement, bound pronoun on verb)

wɛ̄·nêˀ — that (emphatic demonstrative)

ɣɨ̀ˀ·mà·nêˀ — claim, try hard to get

ɦɔ̄·dɨ̄·nêˀ — topic marker

ʔə·nêˀ — that (demonstrative pronoun, predominant in northern Thailand)

ʔə·wɛ̄·nêˀ — that (emphatic demonstrative form); hesitation marker/filler 'that, um'

nē

kə·klɛ̀·nē — will arrange for

nì

laugh
day, sun (classifier)

dīˀ·pə·kwɛ̄ˀ·pə·pʰāˀ·ʔɔ̀·lə̄·mɨ̂·mə·sʰā·tə·nì·ʔì·ʔə·θōˀ — as we read and write them today (Karen nationalism, similative clause modifying NP)

hɛ̄·ʔôˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·nà·nê·θə̄·nì·lī — have been with you for three days (persistent situation, Ballard 1973b)

kə̂·nì — river bank

lɔ̀·nì — be funny, laughable

mɨ̂·nì·mɨ̂·θɔ̄ — day (elaborate expression from nì-θɔ̄)

mɨ̂·xɨ̄·nì — Saturday

mɨ̂·nì — day (lit., sun-day)

nì·bâˀ — laugh at (someone)

nì·tʰɔ̂ˀ — burst out laughing (inchoative)

nì·θɔ̄ — day (synonymous type coordinate compound)

nì·kə·mɣī — smile (v.)

nə·nì·bâˀ — you laugh at (me)

pɣà·tɔ̂·ʔɔ̀·kɔ̄ˀ·mɨ̂·nì·dɛ̄ˀ — he was beaten every day (agent backgrounding with pɣà, colloquial)

tâ·tɔ̂·ʔɔ̀·kɔ̄ˀ·mɨ̂·nì·dɛ̄ˀ — he was beaten every day (agent backgrounding with tâ, written)

tə·nì — one day

tə·nì·ɲā·ʔì — today

tə·nì·ʔì — today

ʔā·nì·ʔā·θɔ̄ — many days (classifier elaborate expression)

ʔə·mɨ̂·nì — its day

θɨ̄ˀ·nì·θɨ̄ˀ·θɔ̄ — postpone (A-B-A-C elaborate expression)

nìˀ

kʰɔ̄·pə·nìˀ — company

nîˀ

year
sarong

kɔ̄ˀ·nîˀ·dɛ̄ˀ — every year

kɔ̄ˀ·nîˀ·dɛ̄ˀ — every year (each-year-INTS)

kʰī·nîˀ — two years (2020)

mà·lō·nê·tə·nîˀ·lī — have studied for one year (persistent situation)

mə·hā·tə·nîˀ — last year

nîˀ·ɦò·lā·ɦò — year (elaborate expression with semantically void ɦò)

nîˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·θɔ̄ — New Year

tə·nîˀ — one year

ʔā·nîˀ·ʔā·lā — for ages, many years and months

ʔə·θāˀ·nîˀ — age, years old (example 707)

nīˀ

mīˀ·nīˀ — minute (loanword?)

ʔə·mīˀ·nīˀ — minutes

nôˀ

lā·nôˀ·wē·bə̂ˀ — November

nôˀ·pù — inside the lake

nō

elaborate expression particle (only in EEs, meaning unknown)

mɛ̀ˀ·tʰī·mɛ̀ˀ·nō — tear (noun) (A-B-A-C elaborate expression; nō only in EEs)

tī·nō — Ti Noe (name)

nōˀ

jə·nōˀ·pʰīˀ — my lip

nōˀ·pʰīˀ — lip

nùˀ

brain (second element)

jə·kʰôˀ·nùˀ — my brain, my intelligence

kʰôˀ·nùˀ — brain

ʔə·kʰôˀ·nùˀ — their brains, their intelligence

nū

tʰū·θə·nū — tradition (elaborate partner?)

ʔə·lɨ̂·lâ·tʰū·θə·nū — its traditions, its customs

nwī

seven (numeral)
week (temporal classifier)

nwī·θɔ̄ — seventh (day)

tə·nwī — one week

nɔ̀

agreement final particle
down (in posture verbs sʰêˀ.nɔ̀ 'sit', mī.nɔ̀ 'lie down')
part, portion
divide, share

kɔ̄ˀ·sʰêˀ·nɔ̀ — invite to sit

kə·nɔ̀ — young (in 'young woman')

kʰāˀ·sʰêˀ·nɔ̀ — chair

lɔ̂·sʰêˀ·nɔ̀ — chair

mī·nɔ̀ — lie down

mī·nɔ̀ — lie down (posture verb used in concurrent action constructions)

mɔ̀·nɔ̀ — combined politeness particle

mɨ̂ˀ·kə·nɔ̀ — unmarried girl, young woman

nɔ̀·hêˀ·lòˀ — divide among yourselves

nɔ̀·hêˀ·lòˀ·θāˀ — divide among each other (Ballard 1973c)

pɛ̀ˀ·pʰāˀ·nɔ̀·pʰāˀ — judge (example 679)

pɣà·pɔ̀ˀ·mɨ̂ˀ·lə̄·ʔə·mɨ̂ˀ·kə·nɔ̀ — unmarried woman

sʰêˀ·nɔ̀ — sit (posture verb used in concurrent action constructions)

tə·sʰêˀ·nɔ̀ — don't sit

tə·nɔ̀ — some (quantifier)

tə·nɔ̀·nɔ̀ — some (reduplicated)

tə·nɔ̀·nɔ̀ — some (reduplicated form, often with existential clauses)

nɔ̂

female honorific prefix (Naw, big sister)
elder sister
body
instrument nominalizer (in nɔ̂-wìˀ 'key', nɔ̂-tìˀ 'tongs')
comparative marker (archaic, Mawlamyine variety)

jə·nɔ̂·kə·sâ — myself, by myself (oblique reflexive)

kōˀ·nɔ̂·ɣà·dɛ̄ˀ — everyone

mì·lə̄·nɔ̂·wā — my name is Naw Wah (quotative with noun)

nɔ̂ — female honorific

nɔ̂·ke·sâ — self (body-lord, used with possessive prefix in oblique phrases)

nɔ̂·kʰɛ̄ˀ·mɛ̄ — toothpick

nɔ̂·lā — Naw Lah (female name)

nɔ̂·lā·sē·pʰɔ̄ — Naw Lah Say Paw (name)

nɔ̂·mɨ̂ — Naw Mi (female name)

nɔ̂·tìˀ — clothes peg, tongs

nɔ̂·wā — Naw Wah (female personal name)

nɔ̂·wìˀ — key

nɔ̂·kɔ̂ — be real, be true

nɔ̂·kə·sâ·θāˀ — self (variant)

nɔ̂·kʰō — body

nə·nɔ̂ — your elder sister

pə·nɔ̂·kə·sâ — ourselves, by ourselves (oblique reflexive)

wîˀ·nɔ̂ — tastier than, cook better than

nɔ̂ˀ

recollect (in θāˀ.pè.nɔ̂ˀ 'forget')
V for future recollection (from Wade 1896)
final particle

kwɛ̄ˀ·nɔ̂ˀ — note down

nɔ̂ˀ·wìˀ — key

nɔ̂ˀ·ɣî — number

nɔ̂ˀ·lɛ̀ˀ — club, stick

nɔ̂ˀ·pà·mɨ̂ˀ·pʰō — little princess

nɔ̂ˀ·tə·jâ — flag

nɔ̂ˀ·tə̀ — spoon

nɔ̂ˀ·tə̀·pʰō — small spoon, teaspoon

nɔ̂ˀ·ɣî — number (from nɔ̂ˀ + ɣî 'count')

nə·sîˀ·nɔ̂ˀ — you judge

sîˀ·nɔ̂ˀ — judge (v.)

tô·nɔ̂ˀ·xàˀ — remember and keep in mind

tə·θāˀ·pè·nɔ̂ˀ — not forget

tɛ̄·nɔ̂ˀ — remind (by telling)

θāˀ·pè·nɔ̂ˀ — forget (non-modal secondary verb; from θāˀ 'heart' + pè (defective) + nɔ̂ˀ 'recollect')

θāˀ·pè·nɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — forget completely (cannot be *forget-FIXED)

θāˀ·pè·nɔ̂ˀ — forget

θêˀ·nɔ̂ˀ — remember

θɨ̄ˀ·nɔ̂ˀ·ɣî — number of soldiers

nɔ̄

extent, as much as (particle
in modern Sgaw occurs only in negative contexts with tə-CLF)
agreement final particle
older sister (familiar form)
palace

jə·nɔ̄ — I drive

kōˀ·dī·nɔ̄·ɣà — everyone (elaborate expression)

kɔ̄ˀ·dī·nɔ̄·ɣà — everyone (elaborate expression)

mɔ̄·nɔ̄ — combined final particle (attenuative + agreement)

nɔ̄·nɔ̄ — older sister (familiar term of address, reduplicated)

nɔ̄·tə·dɨ̄ — none

nɔ̄·tə·blɔ̄ — never (lit., extent one-time)

nɔ̄·tə·pù — anywhere (extent + one-CLF(place))

nɔ̄·tə·ɣà — nobody (extent + one-CLF(HUM))

pə·nɔ̄·klɛ̄·θâˀ — lime (fruit)

tə·tʰîˀ·bū·ʔɔ̀·nɔ̄·tə·blɔ̄·bâˀ — have never seen him (experiential negative with nɔ̄)

nə

kə·tɛ̀ˀ·kə·tɔ̀·pàˀ·nə·θāˀ — prepare yourself (prototypical reflexive)

lə̄·nə·pàˀ·tê·jà·ʔə·xō — because you left me (causal clause with lə̄ and xō)

mə̄·nə·lɛ̀·də̂ˀ·tʰī — ask you to go and draw water (Ballard 1973b)

nə — second person singular prefix (verbal and possessive)

nə·bâˀ — you must; you are (seen) (with bâˀ passive-like construction)

nə·dɔ̄·pɨ̂·wɛ̂·kʰwā — your brother

nə·də̄ˀ — your room

nə·dɨ̄ˀ·hêˀ — you ordered (me) to give

nə·hîˀ — your house/village

nə·hîˀ·pʰō·xɔ̄·pʰō — your family (elaborate expression)

nə·hɛ̄·tɨ̀ — you arrived

nə·kè·tɨ̀ — you arrive back

nə·kwâ — you look, you think

nə·kə·bâˀ — you will have to (reply fragment)

nə·kə·blā·kè·dâˀ·wɛ̄ — you will recover

nə·kə·dōˀ·nê·bâˀ — you will receive/get (opportunity)

nə·kə·hāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — you will go away

nə·kə·kə·tò — you will speak

nə·kə·kə̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ — you will pry up, you will stand up

nə·kə·lɛ̀ — you will go

nə·kə·mà — you will do

nə·kə·sʰō·kə·môˀ — you would think

nə·kə·tɨ̀ — you will reach

nə·kə·tʰîˀ — you will see

nə·kə·tɛ̀ˀ·kə·tɔ̀·pàˀ — you prepare (for later)

nə·kʰī — your rear, yourself

nə·lìˀ — your book

nə·lɛ̀ — you go

nə·lɨ̂·nə·pɣè — your value

nə·mà — you do, you are doing, you did

nə·mà·lɔ̀·pʰāˀ — you separated (me)

nə·mè — your rice (example 824)

nə·mê — if you; even though you (concessive)

nə·mê·pʰlō·tʰɔ̂ˀ·tʃō·wì — after you have graduated (when with certainty, HUR)

nə·mê·tə·lɛ̀·bâˀ — if you don't go (negative conditional, Ballard 1973a)

nə·mê·tə·θêˀ·ɲā·sʰō·bâˀ·nêˀ — if you hadn't known from before (counterfactual, Vlog)

nə·mê·ʔɔ̂ˀ·bâˀ·pʰɨ̄ˀ·mə·kɔ̀ˀ·dɨ̄ — if you had eaten it just now by any chance (Ballard 1973c, counterfactual)

nə·mê·ʔɛ̂ˀ·dōˀ·lɛ̀·dɔ̄ˀ·jà — if you want to go with me (LTP, conditional clause)

nə·mô·nə·pâ — your parents

nə·môˀ — you want

nə·môˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ·θāˀ·tâ — Do you want to eat something? (Kato 1993, experiencer as subject)

nə·mō — your mom (familiar)

nə·mɛ̀ˀ·ɲā — in front of you

nə·mɨ̂·ɣâ — your aunt

nə·nì·bâˀ — you laugh at (me)

nə·nɔ̂ — your elder sister

nə·pàˀ·nɨ̀ˀ — you put in

nə·pàˀ·tê — you left (me)

nə·pīˀ·kə·dā·kè — you closed again

nə·pɔ̂·tʰī — you swim

nə·pɣè — you buy

nə·pɣè·sə̀ — you help buy

nə·pɨ̂ — your younger sibling

nə·pʰlɔ̂ˀ·kʰī — your trousers (example 777)

nə·pʰō — your child

nə·pʰɔ̄·ʔɔ̂ˀ — you cook (for eating)

nə·pʰɔ̄·tə̂ˀ — your goal

nə·pʰə̄·nɨ̀ˀ — you put in

nə·pʰə̄·nɨ̀ˀ·lə̂·sʰū·tʰə̂ˀ·pù·bâˀ·sʰâˀ·θə·nàˀ·kē — although you put a stone in the bag (LTP.D, concessive without mê)

nə·sē — your money

nə·sin·gle — are you single? (English loan, mixed code)

nə·sîˀ·nɔ̂ˀ — you judge

nə·sʰō·kə·môˀ — you think

nə·sʰō·môˀ — you think

nə·tâ·tɛ̄·lòˀ·kwɛ̄ — your kidding (nominalized verb phrase) (example 594)

nə·tâ·ʔôˀ·mū — your life

nə·tâ·sʰō·kə·môˀ — your thoughts

nə·tâ·sʰō·kə·môˀ·lə̄·ʔə·bâˀ·xāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·tâ·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·θāˀ — your thoughts about that incident

nə·tâ·tòˀ·pàˀ — your plan

nə·tô·də̄ — your wallet

nə·tə·hêˀ — you don't give

nə·tə·lɛ̀ — you don't go

nə·tə·mà·kə·dɔ̄ˀ·lə̀ — you won't do again

nə·tə·pə·lɔ̂·θāˀ — you don't expect (lit., don't pay attention)

nə·tə·ʔɛ̂ˀ — you don't love

nə·tə·ʔɛ̂ˀ·sʰə̄ — you don't love in return

nə·tə·bâˀ — you must not

nə·tɛ̄ — you speak

nə·tʰîˀ·lòˀ — you meet (someone)

nə·tʰī·kʰlîˀ — your cold drink (example 681)

nə·wà — your husband

nə·wɛ̂ — your city

nə·xē·nê — you request (for someone)

nə·xē·ʔɛ̂ˀ·sʰō — you asked first to be girlfriend/boyfriend

nə·ɣɔ̂ — for your sake

nə·ʔôˀ — you are, you live; to you (locative relator noun with human referent)

nə·ʔōˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·xàˀ — you opened

nə·ʔōˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·ʔêˀ — open for

nə·ʔɔ̂ˀ — you eat

nə·ʔɔ̄ˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — you opened

nə·ʔɛ̂ˀ·dōˀ — you want

nə·θā — you intend to (N.Thailand, Mawlamyine)

nə·θāˀ — yourself (reflexive); your heart (psycho-noun)

nə·θāˀ·mī — you are satisfied

nə·θêˀ·ɲā·lòˀ — you know each other

nə·θêˀ·ɲā·wɛ̄·dâˀ — you know (with coreference marker)

nə·θī·kwâ·nê — you ask on behalf of

nə·θāˀ — yourself (reflexive pronoun)

nə·θāˀ·dâˀ·nɛ̄ — yourself (emphatic reflexive)

nə·θɨ̄ — you (plural) (Kayin-Tak variety)

pʰɛ̄·nə·lɛ̀·ʔə·kʰā — when you go (temporal clause with relator noun)

tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·dīˀ·lə̄·nə·tɨ̀·wɛ̄·dâˀ·dīˀ·bâˀ — before you have reached your goals yet (Vlog)

tə·plɛ̄·nə·lɛ̀ — not let you go (verb-verb compound, colloquial)

tɨ̀·lə̄·nə·θāˀ·mī·māˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·nə·kə·hāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — only when you're satisfied you will leave (Karen sermon)

wê·lə̄·nə·ʔôˀ·ʔɔ̀ — the city where you live

θêˀ·ɲā·lòˀ·nə·θāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·pɣà·tə·ɣà — you and that person know each other (with dɔ̄ˀ for singular subject)

nə̀

horn
win, beat (verb)

nə̀·dɨ̂ˀ·nə̀·dā — conquer the enemy (elaborate expression from dɨ̂ˀ-dā)

tâ·nə̀ — horn

nə̄

smell (n.)

nə̄·mū — smell fragrant

nə̄·mū·tʰɔ̂ˀ — smell good, become fragrant (inchoative)

tâ·nə̄·ʔɨ̂ˀ — it smells bad

nɛ̂ˀ

point (verb)
defensive/rebuking final particle (N.Thailand)

hīˀ·sɨ̄·nɛ̂ˀ·klɛ̄ — guide (verb) (A-B-C-D structure elaborate expression)

nɛ̂ˀ·lō — (elaborate partner of θôˀ.lō)

pɣà·nɛ̂ˀ·klɛ̄ — guide

sɨ̄·nɛ̂ˀ — index finger

ʔə·tâ·θôˀ·lō·nɛ̂ˀ·lō — (the ways) our parents taught us (elaborate expression)

nɛ̄

second person singular coreference marker
you (second person singular emphatic pronoun, contrast/topic)
second person singular enclitic

kə·nɛ̄ — bee

kə·nɛ̄·sɔ̄ — honey

mə̄·ʔə·pʰō·pʰɨ̄ˀ·kə·nɛ̄·hāˀ — have the son smoke away the bees (Ratanakul 1981)

nə·θāˀ·dâˀ·nɛ̄ — yourself (emphatic reflexive)

nɛ̄·dâˀ — second person singular coreference marker with clitic; you (second person singular emphatic with dâˀ)

nɛ̄ˀ

pineapple (genus)

nɛ̄ˀ·θâˀ — pineapple (nɛ̄ˀ only in compounds)

ʔə̄·tʰə̄·nɛ̄ˀ — internet (loanword)

nɨ̀

that (demonstrative, in compound with ʔì)
what (second element in mənɨ̀)
mirative question particle (variant of nɨ̄)

bâˀ·mə·nɨ̀·ʔə·xō·lɛ̂ˀ — why (full interrogative adverbial phrase); why (rhetorical question introducing explanation)

bâˀ·mə·nɨ̀ — why (content question word)

bâˀ·mə·nɨ̀·ʔə·xō — why (rhetorical question, shorter form)

bâˀ·mə·nɨ̀·ʔə·xō·lɛ̂ˀ — why (rhetorical question)

bâˀ·mə·nɨ̀·ʔə·xō·lɛ̂ˀ·nêˀ — why? (followed by explanation, Vlog)

dīˀ·ʔì·dīˀ·nɨ̀ — like this and like that, something like that

mə·nɨ̀ — what (content question word)

nɨ̀·lɔ̀ — enter (and go down), run for (office)

pʰɛ̄·ʔì·pʰɛ̄·nɨ̀ — here and there (elaborate expression from ʔì-nɨ̀)

ʔì·nɨ̀ — this and that (other coordinate compound)

nɨ̀ˀ

go in, enter (prior motion verb)
into (directional modifier)

hɛ̄·nɨ̀ˀ·lɔ̀ — come into, enter

jù·nɨ̀ˀ — fly into

jù·nɨ̀ˀ·lɔ̀ — fly into

jə·nɨ̀ˀ — I enter

lɛ̀·nɨ̀ˀ — go into

lɛ̀·nɨ̀ˀ·lɔ̀ — go into

nə·pàˀ·nɨ̀ˀ — you put in

nə·pʰə̄·nɨ̀ˀ — you put in

nə·pʰə̄·nɨ̀ˀ·lə̂·sʰū·tʰə̂ˀ·pù·bâˀ·sʰâˀ·θə·nàˀ·kē — although you put a stone in the bag (LTP.D, concessive without mê)

nɨ̀ˀ·lɔ̀ — into

pàˀ·nɨ̀ˀ — put in, insert

pʰə̄·nɨ̀ˀ — put in, insert

sòˀ·nɨ̀ˀ — carry in

sòˀ·nɨ̀ˀ·lɔ̀ — carry in

sʰwī·nɨ̀ˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — stuffed in (with coreference marker)

tâ·nɨ̀ˀ·lɔ̀·hɨ̂ˀ·tâ — burglary

nɨ̂

be common (second element?)

nɨ̂·tʰī — milk

ɲɔ̄·nɨ̂ — be common, be usual (adverbial modifier); commonly V, tend to V (adverb)

ʔɔ̂ˀ·ɲɔ̄·nɨ̂ — commonly eat

ʔɔ̄·nɨ̂ — breastfeed

θūˀ·ɲɔ̄·nɨ̂ — commonly use

nɨ̄

mirative question particle (N.Thailand)

nɨ̄ˀ

mə·nɨ̄ˀ — what (variant of mənɨ̀)

pà

person (Thailand variant of pɣà)
classifier for sides, one of a pair
king (in sɔ̀.pà 'king')

jâ·pà·jâ·pà — both sides

klɛ̄·kə·pà — roadside

kə·pà — side; beside (relator noun)

nɔ̂ˀ·pà·mɨ̂ˀ·pʰō — little princess

pə·pà·dôˀ — we respect

sɔ̀·pà — king

tâ·ɲâˀ·pà·mà·mī — this piece of meat was cooked (Ratanakul 1981, with pà)

tə·kə·pà — one side

ʔə·pà·dôˀ·wɛ̄ — they respect (with coreference marker)

pàˀ

put, place (main verb)
in advance, for later (temporal-relational verbal modifier)
prepare by V-ing

pàˀ — aspectual modifier (V for later)

jə·kə·lɛ̀·pàˀ·sə̀ — I will go first (example 728)

kə·tɛ̀ˀ·kə·tɔ̀·pàˀ·nə·θāˀ — prepare yourself (prototypical reflexive)

lə̄·nə·pàˀ·tê·jà·ʔə·xō — because you left me (causal clause with lə̄ and xō)

lə̄·ʔə·wɛ̄·hɛ̄·pàˀ·pʰlā·tʰɔ̂ˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ·tâ·ɣê — the things that he mentioned (prenominal RC, Hpapun speaker)

mà·pàˀ·nê — fixed, prepared (for someone)

nə·kə·tɛ̀ˀ·kə·tɔ̀·pàˀ — you prepare (for later)

nə·pàˀ·nɨ̀ˀ — you put in

nə·pàˀ·tê — you left (me)

nə·tâ·tòˀ·pàˀ — your plan

pàˀ·dôˀ — respect (verb)

pàˀ·kə·pʰə̄·lɔ̀·kè — be proud of

pàˀ·kè — put back (object-oriented: V back)

pàˀ·kwìˀ·nê — put away for (someone)

pàˀ·kə·dā·kè — put back

pàˀ·kɛ̄ — respect (lit., put someone in state of well-being)

pàˀ·lɔ̀·xàˀ — post, put up and leave (e.g., on social media)

pàˀ·lɔ̀·sʰɔ̄ — put separately, set apart

pàˀ·lɛ̀ — pretended to go

pàˀ·lɛ̀·ʔə·θāˀ — pretend to go (Jones 1961)

pàˀ·nɨ̀ˀ — put in, insert

pàˀ·pʰlā·tʰɔ̂ˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — mentioned, brought up (lit., put appear up)

pàˀ·pʰɣôˀ — put together, compile

pàˀ·tê — leave (tr.)

pàˀ·tê·kwìˀ — leave, abandon

pàˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — put up, place

pàˀ·xàˀ — keep, store, put and leave

pàˀ·xē·tʰɔ̄·wɛ̄ — put to dry (with coreference marker)

pàˀ·θêˀ·ɲā·ʔə·θāˀ — pretend to know

pàˀ·θī — pretend to be dead

pàˀ·θī·ʔə·θāˀ — pretend to be dead, assume appearance of death (Gilmore 1898)

pàˀ·kɛ̄ — respect

pàˀ·sə̀ — in advance (disyllabic variant of pàˀ)

pàˀ·tê — leave, abandon

pàˀ·θûˀ·pàˀ·θāˀ — pay attention, be aware (elaborate expression)

pàˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — (they) put (with coreference marker)

pɣà·pàˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ·lə̄·ʔə·lɔ̂·dâˀ·wɛ̄ — (things) are put in their own places (agent backgrounding)

pʰɔ̄·pàˀ — cook for later

pʰɔ̄·pàˀ·sə̀ — cooked in advance

pʰɔ̄·pàˀ·sə̀·ʔə·θāˀ — cook by itself, be cooked spontaneously

tâ·pàˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·xôˀ·ʔə·θə·də̄·mɨ̂·tə·bêˀ — a hti (pagoda umbrella) is placed (non-topical patient, no bâˀ)

tâ·tə·pàˀ·θûˀ·pàˀ·θāˀ — not paying attention (negated nominalized verb)

tâ·tòˀ·pàˀ — plan (n.)

tòˀ·pàˀ — plan (v.)

tə·pàˀ·θêˀ·ɲā — pretended not to know

tə·pàˀ·θêˀ·ɲā·ʔə·θāˀ — pretend not to know (Jones 1961)

ʔôˀ·pàˀ — be ready, be in place

ʔôˀ·sʰōˀ·tê·pàˀ·sə̀·lī — had already lived (example 729)

pâ

father (formal term)

dīˀ·jə·mê·pâ·tə·ɣà·ʔə·θōˀ — as a father (Vlog, copula clause instead of NP possessor of θōˀ)

dɔ̄·pʰō·pâ — pair of father and child (with dɔ̄ collective)

jə·mô·jə·pâ — my parents (A-B-A-C elaborate expression)

jə·pâ — my father

mô·pâ — parents (cumulative kinship coordinate compound)

mô·pâ — parents (mother-father)

nə·mô·nə·pâ — your parents

sɔ̄·tə·lô·pâ — go-between

tâ·lɔ̂·lə̄·jə·pâ·ʔôˀ·wɛ̄ — the place where my father is

tɨ̀·ʔə·pâ·plâ·lɔ̀·kè·ʔɔ̀·tə·sɨ̄ — when his father released him (Saw Kay)

ʔə·mô·ʔə·pâ — his parents

ʔə·pâ — his father

θâˀ·ɣè·pâ — Tha Gay Pa (name)

pâˀ

join, participate, be with

jə·pâˀ — Japan

pâˀ·sê·kɔ̄ˀ·wɛ̄ — also joined (with coreference marker)

pā

father, dad (familiar form)
classifier for monks (borrowed)

jə·pā — my father (familiar form)

mō·pā — parents (example 689)

pā·pā — dad, daddy (familiar term of address, reduplicated)

pè

element in θāˀ.pè.nɔ̂ˀ (Wade: 'defection of original power')

tə·θāˀ·pè·nɔ̂ˀ — not forget

θāˀ·pè·nɔ̂ˀ — forget (non-modal secondary verb; from θāˀ 'heart' + pè (defective) + nɔ̂ˀ 'recollect')

θāˀ·pè·nɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — forget completely (cannot be *forget-FIXED)

θāˀ·pè·nɔ̂ˀ — forget

pì

kɔ̂·pì·jɔ̀ — Myanmar, Burma

pìˀ

be extinguished

kə·pìˀ — clay, mud

lɔ̀·pìˀ — go out (fire), be extinguished

lɔ̀·pìˀ·kwìˀ — go out (of fire), be extinguished

pīˀ

close, shut

nə·pīˀ·kə·dā·kè — you closed again

pīˀ·kə·dā·kè — close again, close back (event-oriented: V again)

sə·pīˀ — grape

sə·pīˀ·lɔ̂ — vineyard

pjāˀ

show (from Burmese pyá)
as V2 expresses 'show by V-ing'

dōˀ·pjāˀ — get healthcare, submit to examination

dōˀ·pjāˀ·θāˀ — get healthcare, submit to examination

tɛ̄·pjāˀ — explain, tell about

tɛ̄·pjāˀ·ɣɨ̀ — explain to (someone) (with assistance marker)

θāˀ·wîˀ·pjāˀ — sing for (someone), sing a song for (someone)

pjɔ̂ˀ

be enjoyable, be fun

plan

plan (loanword)

plà

carve

lìˀ·sōˀ·plà — inscription

sōˀ·plà — carve

tʰāˀ·plà — chisel (noun)

plâ

wash (face)
release, let go, untie
cubit (native Karen measure of length)

kə·plâ·nê — will release for (us)

plâ·lɔ̀·kè — released (and let down back)

plâ·nê — release for (someone's benefit)

tâ·sɨ̂ˀ·tâ·plâ — poison

tə·plâ — one cubit

tɨ̀·ʔə·pâ·plâ·lɔ̀·kè·ʔɔ̀·tə·sɨ̄ — when his father released him (Saw Kay)

tʰūˀ·mɛ̄·plâ·mɛ̀ˀ — brush teeth and wash face (cumulative type elaborate expression)

plè

saliva (first element)

plè·tʰī — saliva (second part)

tʰūˀ·plè·tʰī — saliva, drool

ʔə·tʰūˀ·plè·tʰī — his saliva

plì

fear, be afraid
string, rope

mà·plì — scare, frighten (direct causation); non-elaborate form of mà-plì-mà-pʰɨ̄ˀ

mà·plì·mà·pʰɨ̄ˀ — scare, frighten (elaborate expression; more extreme than mà-plì)

plì·lə̄ — fear that (with irrealis kə- in complement)

plì·tʰāˀ — wire (metal string)

tâ·plì — be afraid (of things) (patient backgrounding with tâ)

tâ·plì·tâ·pʰɨ̄ˀ — fear

tɛ̄·plì — threaten (purposive cause-effect compound) (example 648b)

plə̀

old times, past

pɔ̄·lə̄·plə̀ — old story

plɛ̄

permit, allow, let (causative verb with willingly acting causee)
give way, permit to pass (main verb)

jə·tə·plɛ̄ — I won't let

jə·tə·plɛ̄·lɛ̀ — I won't let go

kə·plɛ̄ — will permit

lìˀ·tâ·plɛ̄ — permit (noun)

plɛ̄·jə·ʔɛ̂ˀ·nà — let me love you (bare clause complement)

plɛ̄·mī — allow to sleep

plɛ̄·ʔôˀ — leave (it) there, let (it) stay there

tâ·plɛ̄ — permission

tə·plɛ̄·lɛ̀·nà — not let you go (complement-clause-taking verb)

tə·plɛ̄·nə·lɛ̀ — not let you go (verb-verb compound, colloquial)

pò

person (in compounds)

ʔə·pò·kʰwā — man, husband

pòˀ

beat, play (drum)
break (teeth)
follow (verb and verbal modifier)
human species, male or female (Wade 1896)

bâˀ·tâ·mà·sʰûˀ·ʔɔ̀·lə̄·pɣà·pòˀ·kʰwâˀ·tə·ɣà — is attacked by a man (agent in oblique phrase)

hɛ̄·pòˀ — come along with, follow (example 666)

kwɛ̄ˀ·pòˀ — write after (example 668)

pòˀ·lòˀ — follow each other

pòˀ·lòˀ·ʔə·kʰī — follow each other (with kʰī as object, not θāˀ)

pòˀ·mɨ̂ˀ·pòˀ·mə̀ — women (elaborate expression from mɨ̂ˀ-mə̀; pòˀ from Wade 1896 'human species')

pòˀ·kʰwâˀ — man, male

pòˀ·kʰwâˀ·pʰō — boy

pòˀ·kʰwā — man

pòˀ·mɨ̂ˀ — woman

pòˀ·mɨ̂ˀ·pɣâ — married woman

pòˀ·tʰwɛ̄ — follow (compound)

pɣà·pòˀ·kʰwâˀ — men

pɣà·pòˀ·mɨ̂ˀ — women

pɣà·pòˀ·mɨ̂ˀ — woman

tɛ̄·pòˀ·tʰwɛ̄ — say after (example 669)

θāˀ·wîˀ·pòˀ — sing after (example 667)

θāˀ·wîˀ·pòˀ·tʰwɛ̄ — sing after

pô

crack, explode

dɨ̄ˀ·θûˀ·pô·θāˀ·wāˀ — make excited, cause excitement

mêˀ·pô — bomb

ʔə·dɨ̄ˀ·θûˀ·pô·θāˀ·wāˀ — it makes (you) excited

θûˀ·pô·θāˀ·wāˀ — be excited (elaborate expression)

prə̄

compete (purposive modifier)
compete in V-ing

tâ·prə̄ — competition

tʰō·prə̄·lòˀ·θāˀ — compete in boxing

xê·prə̄ — compete in running

prɛ̄ˀ

tâ·dɨ̄ˀ·sɛ̄ˀ·prɛ̄ˀ — skirmish, conflict (example 716)

pù

inside (relator noun
< 'hole, cavity')
classifier for holes, places, pieces of land

dīˀ·θōˀ·kə·lɛ̀·mà·lō·tâ·lə̄·wê·pù — to go study in the city (purposive clause, Karen village)

dɛ̄·pù — inside the hut

hîˀ·pù — home, house

kɔ̂·ʔə·mɛ̄·rə·kà·pù — in the United States

kɔ̂·pə·jɔ̀·pù — in Myanmar (country-Burma-inside)

kə·rû·pù — inside the group

nôˀ·pù — inside the lake

nɔ̄·tə·pù — anywhere (extent + one-CLF(place))

nə·pʰə̄·nɨ̀ˀ·lə̂·sʰū·tʰə̂ˀ·pù·bâˀ·sʰâˀ·θə·nàˀ·kē — although you put a stone in the bag (LTP.D, concessive without mê)

pù·kwìˀ — pass, go by (of time)

pù·pʰlɛ̄ˀ — be free, be released

pɣà·ʔôˀ·lə̄·kɔ̂·pə·jɔ̀·pù — people who live in Myanmar (impersonal subject with intransitive verb)

pɣâ·pù — inside the forest

pʰjā·pù — inside the market

sîˀ·pù — flee, run away

sîˀ·pù·wɛ̄·dâˀ — (they) fled (with coreference marker)

tâ·pù — hole

tə·pù — one (place)

tə·pù·xɔ̄ — together

tə·pù — one place (classifier for places)

tʰī·pù·pʰō — small well

tʰī·pù — well, water hole

tʰī·pù·kɔ̂·pù — inside of a country, domestic country (elaborate expression with relator noun pù as intervening element)

wê·pù — in the city

xê·pù·pʰlɛ̄ˀ — escape, run free

xòˀ·pù — in prison

ʔā·pù·ʔā·tɔ̀ — many places

ʔə·pù — inside it, its inside, into it

ʔə·pù·kwìˀ — past (lit., its passing)

ʔə·pù·kwìˀ·tə·lā — last month

θə·wɔ̄·pù — inside the village

pûˀ

heap, pile (arrangement classifier)

pûˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — pile up, accumulate

tə·pûˀ — one pile

ʔôˀ·pûˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — are piled up

ʔôˀ·pûˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·ʔə·θāˀ — be piled up (resulting state)

pū

story (second element?)

pə·tâ·tɛ̄·pū — our story

tâ·tɛ̄·pū — story

pɔ̀

kə·pɔ̀ — be light (of day), be bright

kə·pɔ̀·tʰɔ̂ˀ — shine

mà·là·kə·pɔ̀ — celebrate

tâ·kə·pɔ̀ — it is light (not dark)

pɔ̀ˀ

human prefix (male/female?)

hɛ̄·pɔ̀ˀ — come along, follow

pɔ̀ˀ·kʰwā — man

pɣà·pɔ̀ˀ·mɨ̂ˀ·lə̄·ʔə·mɨ̂ˀ·kə·nɔ̀ — unmarried woman

pɣà·pɔ̀ˀ·mɨ̂ˀ — woman

pɔ̂

swim
hundred (numeric classifier
variant of kəjà, used with money)

môˀ·pɔ̂ — want to swim

nə·pɔ̂·tʰī — you swim

pɔ̂·tʰī — swim

tâ·môˀ·pɔ̂·jə·θāˀ·lə̄·tʰī — I want to swim (impersonal construction)

pɔ̂ˀ

pɔ̂ˀ·lɛ̂ˀ — sea, ocean

pɔ̄

story

pɔ̄·lə̄·plə̀ — old story

tə·pɔ̄ — not very (Northern Thailand variety)

tə·pɔ̄·kə·sʰɣɔ̄ — not very clean

pə

sesquisyllabic prefix

dīˀ·pə·kwɛ̄ˀ·pə·pʰāˀ·ʔɔ̀·lə̄·mɨ̂·mə·sʰā·tə·nì·ʔì·ʔə·θōˀ — as we read and write them today (Karen nationalism, similative clause modifying NP)

klɛ̄·lə̄·pə·hɛ̄ — the road on which we came (oblique relativization)

kɔ̂·pə·jɔ̀ — Myanmar

kɔ̂·pə·jɔ̀·pù — in Myanmar (country-Burma-inside)

kɔ̂·pə·jɔ̀·θɨ̄ˀ — Myanmar army, Burmese army

kɔ̄ˀ·pə·θū·bâˀ — begin to weep and wail (unexpectedly)

kʰɔ̄·pə·nìˀ — company

kʰɔ̄·pə·ɲɔ̄ — meaning, I mean

lìˀ·pə·rə̄ — letter (written message)

lə̄·pə·jɔ̀·kwɛ̄ˀ·wɛ̄·ʔə·tâ·sîˀ·sò·tɛ̄·sò — the chronicles written by the Burmese (prenominal RC)

mà·pə·tɨ̀ˀ — stop (tr.), make stop

mə̄·pə·lɛ̀·tʰîˀ·lòˀ·θāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·ʔə·wɛ̄·θêˀ — order us to meet with them (News interview)

nə·tə·pə·lɔ̂·θāˀ — you don't expect (lit., don't pay attention)

pə — first person plural prefix (verbal and possessive)

pə·bâˀ — we must; we are (known) (with bâˀ passive-like construction)

pə·dā — our enemy

pə·dɔ̄·pɨ̂·wɛ̂ — our siblings

pə·dɨ̂ˀ·pə·dā — our enemies (elaborate expression)

pə·hāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — we will leave

pə·hīˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — we will take (with coreference marker)

pə·hɛ̄ — we came

pə·krə̄ˀ — we should

pə·kwɛ̄ˀ·pə·pʰāˀ — we write and read

pə·kɔ̄ˀ — we call

pə·kə·bâ — we must

pə·kə·bâˀ — we must

pə·kə·kwâ·kə·dā·kè — We'll review (example 811)

pə·kə·lɛ̀ — we will go

pə·kə·sʰā — we will be sick

pə·kə·sâ — our body

pə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ — we catch up

pə·kʰôˀ — our head

pə·lôˀ·bâˀ·lòˀ — we need each other

pə·lɛ̀ — we go, we went

pə·mà — we do, we work

pə·mê — if we; we are

pə·mê·kʰɨ̄·māˀ·pə·ʔɔ̂ˀ·bâˀ — only if we work hard, we will get to eat (Karen proverbs)

pə·mê·wɛ̄·dâˀ — we are (with coreference marker)

pə·mɛ̀ˀ·kʰlī — our eyes

pə·mɛ̀ˀ·tû — our eyebrows

pə·mɣì — our ancestors

pə·nàˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ — we trust, we believe in

pə·nɔ̂·kə·sâ — ourselves, by ourselves (oblique reflexive)

pə·pà·dôˀ — we respect

pə·pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄·pʰō — us Karen people

pə·pɣâ — our ancestors (elaborate partner)

pə·pɨ̂·pə·wɛ̂ — our siblings (elaborate)

pə·pʰō·pə·lì — our children and grandchildren

pə·pʰɔ̄·kʰôˀ — above us

pə·rē — we deal with, we interact with

pə·rē·ʔɔ̀·mê·θē — if we know how to deal with them (mê preceding descriptive verb θē)

pə·sīˀ — we say

pə·sīˀ·blɨ̄ˀ·kè — we thank (you)

pə·sɨ̄ — our hands

pə·sʰâˀ — our food

pə·tâ·θāˀ·kʰɨ̄ — our happiness

pə·tâ·θêˀ·ɲā — our knowledge

pə·tâ·kʰwɛ̄ˀ·tâ·jàˀ — our right

pə·tâ·pʰīˀ·tâ·mà — our work (example 723)

pə·tâ·sʰɛ̄ˀ·tâ·là — our culture

pə·tâ·tɛ̄·pū — our story

pə·tâ·ʔôˀ·sʰûˀ·ʔôˀ·kʰlē — our health

pə·tâ·ʔɔ̂ˀ — our food

pə·tì·θə·kōˀ — our friend

pə·tə·krə̄ˀ — we should not (example 559)

pə·tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·nê — we didn't catch up with

pə·tə·lôˀ — we don't need to

pə·tə·ʔɔ̄·bâˀ — we will not drink

pə·tə·ʔɛ̂ˀ·dōˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — we don't want (with coreference marker)

pə·tʃō — our school

pə·tʰîˀ·bâˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — we can see, we get to see

pə·tʰîˀ·lòˀ·θāˀ — we see each other, we meet

pə·wī — our fate, our luck

pə·ɣî·tʰīˀ — our roots

pə·ʔôˀ·sê·kɔ̄ˀ — we also have

pə·ʔɔ̂ˀ — we eat

pə·ʔə̂ˀ·lɔ̀ — we agree, we give consent

pə·ʔɛ̂ˀ·dōˀ — we want

pə·θā — we intend to

pə·θāˀ — ourselves (each other) (reciprocal); our soul, our spirit

pə·θôˀ — we discipline

pə·θûˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ — we plant (for eating)

pə·θə·mū·θə·kōˀ — our friend

pə·θɨ̄ — we (do something) in order not to

pə·dôˀ — government

pə·dôˀ·pə·pɣâ — our leaders

pə·dɛ̄ — rabbit, hare

pə·dɛ̄·pʰō — little rabbit

pə·jɔ̀ — Burmese person; Burma, Myanmar

pə·jɔ̀·kɔ̂ — Myanmar (alternative order to kɔ̂-pəjɔ̀)

pə·lē — police

pə·lɔ̂ — be aware of, pay attention to

pə·lɔ̂·lɔ̀ — be careful, be alert

pə·lɔ̂·θûˀ·pə·lɔ̂·θāˀ — be aware, be cautious (6-syllable elaborate expression); be careful (elaborate expression from θûˀ-θāˀ)

pə·lɔ̂·pə·dɔ̄ — beware

pə·lɔ̂·θāˀ — pay attention, expect

pə·nâ — water buffalo

pə·nâ·pʰīˀ — buffalo hide

pə·nɔ̄·klɛ̄·θâˀ — lime (fruit)

pə·rə̄ — (second element of 'letter')

pə·trə̀ — praise

pə·trə̀·lɔ̀·ʔə·θāˀ — brag, praise oneself

pə·tɨ̀ˀ — stop (tr.)

pə·tɨ̀ˀ·ʔə·θāˀ — come to a stop (anticausative)

pə·tʰōˀ — bean

pə·tʰōˀ·pʰāˀ·tʰɔ̄ — asparagus bean

pə·wɛ̄ — we, us (first person plural unbound pronoun, exclusive); first person plural emphatic pronoun

pə·wɛ̄·dâˀ — we, us (first person plural emphatic with clitic, inclusive)

pə·wɛ̄·θêˀ — we (first person plural exclusive with plural marker)

pə·θāˀ — ourselves (reflexive pronoun)

pə·θū — shout, cry out

pə·θə̄ — onion

pə·θə̄·wā — garlic

pə·θə̄·ɣɔ̀ — red onion

pə·θɛ̄ — onion

pə·θɛ̄·ɣɔ̀ — red onion

pə·θɛ̄·θâˀ — onion (variant)

pɣà·kɔ̂·pə·jɔ̀·pʰō — Burmese person

pɣà·ʔôˀ·lə̄·kɔ̂·pə·jɔ̀·pù — people who live in Myanmar (impersonal subject with intransitive verb)

pɣà·pə·jɔ̀ — Burmese people

pɣà·pə·jɔ̀·pʰō — Burmese person

pʰɔ̂ˀ·lòˀ·pə·sɨ̄ — take each other's hands (with sɨ̄ as object, not θāˀ)

sīˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·pə·trə̀ — praise

sīˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·pə·trə̀·lɔ̀ — praise oneself; lɔ̀ indicates orientation toward self

tâ·pə·lɔ̂·pə·dɔ̄·θāˀ — caution, carefulness

tâ·ɣê·tâ·klò·lə̄·ʔə·bâˀ·tʰwɛ̄·dɔ̄ˀ·pə·pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄·pʰō — information related to us Karen

tə·lôˀ·lə̄·pə·lɛ̀·mà·xɨ̀ˀ — we don't need to go have dealings with (them) (with complement)

ʔôˀ·sɔ̀·sɨ̀·lòˀ·pə·θāˀ — stay at a distance from each other

pə̀

tʰī·θə·pə̀ — water jar

θə·pə̀ — pot

pə̂

come through, penetrate

jə·tə·nâ·pə̂ — I don't understand

nâ·pə̂ — understand

pə̂·tʰɔ̂ˀ — appear, come out

tə·hɛ̄·kè·pə̂·tʰɔ̂ˀ — had not come back out

pə̄

rule, govern

pə̄·kə·dɔ̄ˀ — rule again

pɛ̀ˀ

pɛ̀ˀ·pʰāˀ·nɔ̀·pʰāˀ — judge (example 679)

pɛ̄

bean
puddle, stain
first element of pɛ̄.trɔ̄ 'window'

jə·pɛ̄·trɔ̄ — my door

pɛ̄·trɔ̄ — window; door

pɛ̄·ɲò — paenyo (candy bar)

pɣà·lə̄·ʔōˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·pɛ̄·trɔ̄ — the person who opened the window

tə·pɛ̄ — one puddle/stain

pɣà

person, people
impersonal pronoun 'people, one' (agent backgrounding)
first person plural independent pronoun (us, we)

bâˀ·tâ·mà·sʰûˀ·ʔɔ̀·lə̄·pɣà·pòˀ·kʰwâˀ·tə·ɣà — is attacked by a man (agent in oblique phrase)

bâˀ·tâ·θêˀ·ɲā·pɣà — be known (as)

dīˀ·pɣà·kōˀ·ɣà·dɛ̄ˀ·θêˀ·ɲā·ʔə·θōˀ — as everyone knows (News vlog, with ʔə-θōˀ)

dīˀ·θōˀ·pɣà·kə·mlə̂·kə·tʰîˀ — so that the audience would see (Vlog, with dīˀ.θōˀ dɔ̄ˀ)

dīˀ·θōˀ·pɣà·kə·ʔɛ̂ˀ·nà — in order for people to love you (Ballard 1973c)

mì·pɣà — father-in-law

pə·pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄·pʰō — us Karen people

pɣà·bâˀ·kɔ̄·bâˀ·kʰɛ̄ — refugee (elaborate expression lacking non-elaborate equivalent)

pɣà·bâˀ·kɔ̄·bâˀ·kʰɛ̄ — person in trouble, refugee

pɣà·būˀ·dāˀ·pʰō — Buddhist

pɣà·dō·tâ·ɣɔ̀·pʰō — photographer

pɣà·dɔ̄·mō·wà — couple, married couple

pɣà·hɔ̂ˀ·kʰôˀ·pʰō — people of the earth

pɣà·kwɛ̄ˀ·lìˀ·pʰō — writer

pɣà·kɔ̂·pə·jɔ̀·pʰō — Burmese person

pɣà·kə·wɛ̀·ʔɔ̂ˀ·tâ — people who catch fish with hand nets (relative clause without lə̄)

pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄ — Karen person

pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄·kə·lɨ̀ˀ — Karen people

pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄·pʰō — Karen people

pɣà·kə̄·klôˀ — drum maker

pɣà·kʰə·rìˀ·pʰō — Christian

pɣà·lɔ̀·ɣàˀ·nà — person who resembles you (relative clause without lə̄)

pɣà·lɔ̂·kə·wɔ̀·pʰō — villagers

pɣà·lə̄·ʔōˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·pɛ̄·trɔ̄ — the person who opened the window

pɣà·lə̄·ʔə·bā·θɔ̄·kʰā — people who worship monks (Buddhists)

pɣà·mà·tâ·pʰō — worker

pɣà·mà·lō·tâ·pʰō — student

pɣà·nɛ̂ˀ·klɛ̄ — guide

pɣà·pàˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ·lə̄·ʔə·lɔ̂·dâˀ·wɛ̄ — (things) are put in their own places (agent backgrounding)

pɣà·pòˀ·kʰwâˀ — men

pɣà·pòˀ·mɨ̂ˀ — women

pɣà·pɔ̀ˀ·mɨ̂ˀ·lə̄·ʔə·mɨ̂ˀ·kə·nɔ̀ — unmarried woman

pɣà·pɣè·kā — car buyer / person who bought a car (relative clause without lə̄, lexicalized)

pɣà·pʰō·θâˀ — children, young people

pɣà·sʰā — patient, sick person

pɣà·tɔ̂·ʔɔ̀·kɔ̄ˀ·mɨ̂·nì·dɛ̄ˀ — he was beaten every day (agent backgrounding with pɣà, colloquial)

pɣà·tʰī·pɣà·kɔ̂ — (other) people's countries (elaborate expression with noun pɣà as intervening element)

pɣà·xɨ̄·tʰîˀ·θêˀ·ɲā·tâ·pʰō — researcher

pɣà·ɣê·pɣà·klò — gossip, matters of others

pɣà·ɣɛ̀·ʔɔ̂ˀ·tâ — cook (person who cooks)

pɣà·ɣɛ̀·kə·lîˀ·pʰō — dancer

pɣà·ʔôˀ·lə̄·kɔ̂·pə·jɔ̀·pù — people who live in Myanmar (impersonal subject with intransitive verb)

pɣà·ʔɔ̄·θīˀ·pʰō — drinker, alcoholic

pɣà·ʔə·ɣà — other people

pɣà·θāˀ·pɣâ — elder, old person

pɣà·θāˀ·wîˀ·tâ·pʰō — singer

pɣà·θûˀ·sʰāˀ·θāˀ·sʰāˀ — intelligent person

pɣà·θə·wɔ̄·pʰō — villager

pɣà·kə·mlə̂ — public, audience

pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄ — Karen person, Karen people; Karen language

pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄·klòˀ — Karen language

pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄·lə̄·ʔə·sē·kə·ʔā·nê·nà — people who have more money than you (possessor relativization)

pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄·pʰō — Karen people

pɣà·kʰāˀ·tâ — shooter, gunman

pɣà·kʰôˀ·pɣà·nâ — leader

pɣà·pòˀ·mɨ̂ˀ — woman

pɣà·pɔ̀ˀ·mɨ̂ˀ — woman

pɣà·pə·jɔ̀ — Burmese people

pɣà·pə·jɔ̀·pʰō — Burmese person

pɣà·sʰā — patient

pɣà·tə·mwì — guest

pɣà·tʃō·pʰō — student

tâ·mà·bâˀ·xāˀ·tâ·mà·sə̀·pɣà·bâˀ·kɔ̄·bâˀ·kʰɛ̄ — work concerned with helping people in trouble (Jones 1961)

tâ·ɣê·tâ·klò·lə̄·ʔə·bâˀ·tʰwɛ̄·dɔ̄ˀ·pə·pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄·pʰō — information related to us Karen

tɨ̀·pɣà·ʔɔ̂ˀ·mè·wì·nêˀ — when people have finished eating (Ballard 1973b)

θêˀ·ɲā·lòˀ·nə·θāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·pɣà·tə·ɣà — you and that person know each other (with dɔ̄ˀ for singular subject)

pɣâ

ancestor
jungle, forest
be old, be mature (of people)

kɛ̄·dôˀ·kɛ̄·pɣâ — be well-off, rich (elaborate expression)

pòˀ·mɨ̂ˀ·pɣâ — married woman

pə·pɣâ — our ancestors (elaborate partner)

pə·dôˀ·pə·pɣâ — our leaders

pɣà·θāˀ·pɣâ — elder, old person

pɣâ·nê — older than

pɣâ·pù — inside the forest

pɣâ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get older

pɣâ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — age, become old (deterioration)

pɣâ·lâ·klā — jungle, forest

pʰɨ̄·θāˀ·pɣâ — old man

tâ·lɔ̂·lə̄·pʰɨ̄·θāˀ·pɣâ·mà·θī·tʰɔ̄ˀ·ʔə·lɔ̂ — the place where the old man killed the pig (Jones 1961)

tʰɔ̂ˀ·pɣâ — get married

ʔə·θāˀ·pɣâ·nê — older than

ʔə·θāˀ·pɣâ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — they aged (example 834)

θāˀ·pɣâ — be old (of people), old, mature

θāˀ·pɣâ — old person, elder

θāˀ·pɣâ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get old, age

θêˀ·pɣâ — forest

θûˀ·kē·θāˀ·pɣâ — elderly people

θə·pɣâ·kə·tə̂ — really, definitely

θə·pɣâ·tə̂ — really, truly, definitely, actually

pɣè

price
buy
call (of animals)

jə·kə·pɣè·ʔɔ̂ˀ — I will buy (for eating) (example 552b)

jə·pɣè·dɨ̄ˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ — I'll buy you dinner (buy-cause-eat)

kə·pɣè·tʰɔ̂ˀ — will start calling (example 797)

lɔ̀·pɣè — look tempting to buy

lɨ̂·dôˀ·pɣè·dôˀ — be valuable (elaborate expression from lɨ̂-pɣè)

lɨ̂·pɣè — value (nominal coordinate compound)

nə·lɨ̂·nə·pɣè — your value

nə·pɣè — you buy

nə·pɣè·sə̀ — you help buy

pɣà·pɣè·kā — car buyer / person who bought a car (relative clause without lə̄, lexicalized)

pɣè·dâˀ — only buy

pɣè·dɨ̄ˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ — buy to feed (someone) (purpose + cause-effect)

pɣè·dɨ̄ˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ — buy to feed (someone) (embedded causative)

pɣè·kè — buy back

pɣè·kə·mâˀ — buy the wrong thing

pɣè·nê — buy for (someone) (recipient beneficiary); buy and get

pɣè·nê·ʔā·tʰɔ̂ˀ — buy more (example 762)

pɣè·sê·kɔ̄ˀ — also bought

pɣè·sə̀ — help (by) buying

pɣè·tʰɔ̂ˀ — start calling (inchoative; of frogs)

pɣè·ʔɔ̂ˀ — buy to eat (purposive verb-verb compound)

tâ·sʰā·tâ·pɣè — trade (noun) (cumulative type coordinate compound)

ʔə·lɨ̂·ʔə·pɣè — its value, its worth

pɣì

how many (humans
regional variant, Mawlamyine)

pɣô

Pwo Karen person

pɣɔ̀ˀ

tə·pɣɔ̀ˀ — bush

pɣɛ̀

how many (interrogative quantifier)
be full (descriptive verb)
be full (elaborate partner of lə̄)

dôˀ·tɨ̀ˀ·kʰôˀ·pɣɛ̀ — be full-grown, mature (elaborate expression)

mà·lə̄·mà·pɣɛ̀ — complete, finish (elaborate expression)

mà·lə̄·mà·pɣɛ̀·nê·kè — complete the work for (someone) (elaborate expression with modifiers)

pɣɛ̀·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get filled up

pɣɛ̀·θōˀ — be equal

tə·pɣɛ̀ — not full, cannot

ʔôˀ·pɣɛ̀ — be full (of); common combination with dɔ̄ˀ 'with'

pɨ̀ˀ

kə·pɨ̀ˀ — be soft

pɨ̂

younger sibling

dɔ̄·pɨ̂·dɔ̄·wɛ̂ — brothers and sisters, siblings

dɔ̄·pɨ̂·wɛ̂ — siblings (collective + younger sibling + older sibling)

jə·dɔ̄·pɨ̂·wɛ̂ — my siblings (as a group)

jə·dɔ̄·pɨ̂·wɛ̂·kʰwā — my brother

jə·pɨ̂ — my younger sibling (example 763)

nə·dɔ̄·pɨ̂·wɛ̂·kʰwā — your brother

nə·pɨ̂ — your younger sibling

pə·dɔ̄·pɨ̂·wɛ̂ — our siblings

pə·pɨ̂·pə·wɛ̂ — our siblings (elaborate)

pɨ̂·wɛ̂ — siblings (cumulative kinship coordinate compound)

pʰâˀ

collection, association

tə·pʰâˀ — collectivizer, collective marker (fossilized classifier phrase with tə- 'one' + defective classifier pʰâˀ); indicates plural reference

tʰɨ̄·kə·pʰâˀ — (elaborate element in 'pray')

xē·bā·tʰɨ̄·kə·pʰâˀ·sə̀ — pray for (someone) (with help meaning)

θêˀ·tə·pʰâˀ — plural collective marker

pʰā

male marker (in compounds for animals)
father

dɔ̄·mô·pʰā — male-female pairs (Wade 1897's term for coordinate compounds)

jə·pʰā·tî — my uncle

kə·sʰɔ̄·pʰā — male elephant (pʰā only in compounds)

kə·sʰɔ̄·pʰā·tî — male elephant

pʰā·tî — uncle (formal term, title); male marker

pʰāˀ

read
intensifier forming compound with following descriptive verb (from 'crack, burst')
split, separate (in compounds)

dīˀ·pə·kwɛ̄ˀ·pə·pʰāˀ·ʔɔ̀·lə̄·mɨ̂·mə·sʰā·tə·nì·ʔì·ʔə·θōˀ — as we read and write them today (Karen nationalism, similative clause modifying NP)

kwɛ̄ˀ·kè·ʔə·lìˀ·pʰāˀ·kè·ʔə·lɛ̂ — write and read their script again (8-syllable elaborate expression)

kə·tɛ̀·pʰāˀ — will crack

làˀ·pʰāˀ·tʰī — tea

lâˀ·pʰāˀ·tʰī — tea

lɔ̀·pʰāˀ — separate, be apart, get separated

lɔ̀·pʰāˀ·lɔ̀ˀ·θāˀ — separate, get divorced

mà·lɔ̀·pʰāˀ — separate, cause to be apart

môˀ·pʰāˀ — want to read

nə·mà·lɔ̀·pʰāˀ — you separated (me)

pə·kwɛ̄ˀ·pə·pʰāˀ — we write and read

pə·tʰōˀ·pʰāˀ·tʰɔ̄ — asparagus bean

pɛ̀ˀ·pʰāˀ·nɔ̀·pʰāˀ — judge (example 679)

pʰāˀ·dôˀ — big, large, very big (intensified form of dôˀ); great (as title)

pʰāˀ·jìˀ — very long (time duration)

pʰāˀ·jòˀ — very deep

pʰāˀ·lìˀ — read

pʰāˀ·lɛ̂ — very wide

pʰāˀ·nê — read for (someone); really able (with verb of possibility)

pʰāˀ·nê·ɲā — really be able to endure

pʰāˀ·tʰɔ̄ — very long, very high, very tall

pʰāˀ·wîˀ — very tasty, extremely delicious

pʰāˀ·wîˀ·ɲā — extremely delicious

pʰāˀ·ʔā — very much

pʰāˀ·ʔā·ɲā — very much, a great deal

pʰāˀ·dôˀ — be big

pʰāˀ·pʰɔ̄ — half

tâ·pʰāˀ·pʰɔ̄ — half thing? (banknote?)

tə·θêˀ·pʰāˀ — didn't break

tɛ̀·pʰāˀ — crack

tʰɨ̄ˀ·pʰāˀ — set apart, separate

ʔə·pʰāˀ — he reads

θêˀ·pʰāˀ — break (intransitive), be broken

θɔ̄·kʰā·pʰāˀ·dôˀ — abbot

pʰîˀ

kʰɔ̄·pʰîˀ — coffee (loanword)

pʰī

grandmother

kʰɔ̂ˀ·pʰī — coffee

pʰī·pʰɨ̄ — grandparents (cumulative kinship coordinate compound)

pʰī·wā — nun

pʰīˀ

labour, work
leather, skin

hāˀ·pʰīˀ·hāˀ·mà — go away to work (elaborate expression with prior motion verb hāˀ)

jə·nōˀ·pʰīˀ — my lip

kʰɔ̂ˀ·pʰīˀ — shoe

kʰɨ̄·pʰīˀ·kʰɨ̄·mà — be diligent (elaborate expression from pʰīˀ-mà)

nōˀ·pʰīˀ — lip

pə·tâ·pʰīˀ·tâ·mà — our work (example 723)

pə·nâ·pʰīˀ — buffalo hide

pʰīˀ·mà — work (verbal coordinate compound)

pʰīˀ·sə̀·mà·sə̀ — help (elaborate expression with verbal modifier sə̀)

pʰīˀ·tâ·mà·tâ — work (verb) (elaborate expression with noun tâ)

pʰīˀ·tə·kɛ̄·mà·tə·kɛ̄ — is unable to work (6-syllable elaborate expression with negation)

pʰīˀ·wɛ̄·mà·wɛ̄ — (s.o.) works (elaborate expression with coreference marker)

tâ·pʰīˀ·tâ·mà — work (noun) (elaborate expression with nominalizer tâ)

tâ·pʰīˀ·tâ·ɲâˀ — meat (lit., skin things and meat things)

tâ·pʰīˀ·tâ·mà — work (noun), job

tâ·pʰīˀ·tâ·ɲâˀ — meat (thing-skin-thing-meat)

θē·pʰīˀ·θē·mà — be skilled in work of any kind

pʰjā

market (variant)

pʰjā·pù — inside the market

pʰjū

kʰɔ̂ˀ·pʰjū·tʰə̂ˀ — computer (example 832)

pʰjɛ̄ˀ

be clever, be smart, do well

tə·pʰjɛ̄ˀ — not clever

pʰlā

appear, seem, become visible

lə̄·ʔə·wɛ̄·hɛ̄·pàˀ·pʰlā·tʰɔ̂ˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ·tâ·ɣê — the things that he mentioned (prenominal RC, Hpapun speaker)

pàˀ·pʰlā·tʰɔ̂ˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — mentioned, brought up (lit., put appear up)

pʰlā·lə̄ — seem that (with complement)

pʰlā·lə̄·tə·tɔ̄·tə·lò·bâˀ — it seemed that (they) weren't honest

tʰɨ̄ˀ·pʰlā·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kè — revealed, brought forth

pʰlāˀ

hoe (verb)

bɔ̄·pʰlāˀ — hoe (noun)

kə·pʰlāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — will dig up (with hoe)

pʰlāˀ·nê — hoe for

pʰlāˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ — hoe for eating, cultivate

ʔə·tâ·θûˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ·pʰlāˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ — (way of) cultivation

θûˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ·pʰlāˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ — cultivate (A-B-C-B elaborate expression)

pʰlō

go through, pass through

jwà·kʰɔ̄·pʰlō·wɛ̄ — flows through (with coreference marker)

kʰɔ̄·pʰlō — go through, pass through (verb); because (causal adverbializer); through (directional)

kʰɔ̄·pʰlō·lə̄ — because (common causal expression)

kʰɔ̄·pʰlō·lə̄·sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̂·kʰɛ̄·ʔì·ʔə·mà·tâ — because he does that now (LTP.D)

kʰɔ̄·pʰlō·lə̄ — because (causal adverbializer, full form)

lɛ̀·kʰɔ̄·pʰlō — experience (go-through?)

nə·mê·pʰlō·tʰɔ̂ˀ·tʃō·wì — after you have graduated (when with certainty, HUR)

pʰlō·tʃō — graduate

pʰlō·tʰɔ̂ˀ — graduate (lit., go through up)

tâ·lɛ̀·kʰɔ̄·pʰlō — experience (noun)

pʰlōˀ

spurt, scatter, splatter

tâ·xê·mɣī·hāˀ·pʰlōˀ — fleeing

xê·mɣī·hāˀ·pʰlōˀ — flee (run-randomly-walk-spurt)

ʔə·pʰlōˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — it splatters up

pʰlɔ̂ˀ

trouser (first element)

nə·pʰlɔ̂ˀ·kʰī — your trousers (example 777)

pʰlɔ̂ˀ·kʰī — trousers, pants

pʰlɔ̂ˀ·kʰī·pʰō — underwear

pʰlɔ̂ˀ·kʰī·tʰə̂ˀ — trouser pocket

pʰlɔ̄

pʰlɔ̄·sʰûˀ — force to marry

pʰlə̂ˀ

classifier for round/three-dimensional objects
ball (noun)

hɔ̂ˀ·kʰôˀ·pʰlə̂ˀ — earth, ground

lìˀ·mɛ̀ˀ·pʰlə̂ˀ — letter, character, alphabet

mɛ̀ˀ·pʰlə̂ˀ — letter (of alphabet) (in lìˀ.mɛ̀ˀ.pʰlə̂ˀ)

pʰlə̂ˀ·tʰū — football (ball or sport)

tə·pʰlə̂ˀ — one (classifier for round/three-dimensional objects)

ʔə·lìˀ·mɛ̀ˀ·pʰlə̂ˀ — their alphabet, their script

pʰlɛ̂ˀ

be born (with ʔôˀ and tʰɔ̂ˀ)

sāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·lə̄·ʔôˀ·pʰlɛ̂ˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·lì·lì — since (you) were born (with both markers)

ʔôˀ·pʰlɛ̂ˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — be born

pʰlɛ̄ˀ

pù·pʰlɛ̄ˀ — be free, be released

xê·pù·pʰlɛ̄ˀ — escape, run free

pʰôˀ

pʰôˀ·xɛ̄ — orphan (first element)

pʰôˀ·xɛ̄·pʰō — orphan

pʰō

child
diminutive marker
member-of-group marker

dɔ̄·pʰō·pâ — pair of father and child (with dɔ̄ collective)

hîˀ·pʰō·xɔ̄·pʰō — family

jō·jō·pʰō — very simple, plain (reduplicated with diminutive marker)

jə·pʰō — my child, my children

jə·pʰō·kʰwā — my son

jə·pʰō·θə·dā — my youngest child

jə·pʰō·dôˀ — my nephew

jə·pʰō·mɨ̂ˀ — my daughter

klɔ̂·pʰō — calf

kwɛ̄·pʰō — little bees

kə·tʰɔ̂ˀ·pʰō·nê·mā·lɔ̀ˀ — marry and raise families with each other (irrealis prefix precedes elaborate expression, reciprocal follows)

kə·pʰō — blister, sore

kə·rû·pʰō — small group

kə·rə̄·pʰō — member

kə·sɨ̄·dɨ̄·pʰō — quietly

kə·ɲɔ̄·pʰō — Karen people

kʰlī·pʰō — small boat

lìˀ·pʰō — little books

mê·lə̄·kwɛ̄·pʰō·lôˀ·bâˀ·wɛ̄·pʰɔ̄ — because bees need flowers (Vlog)

mə̄·jə·kwɛ̄ˀ·lìˀ·pʰō — ask me to write little books (Jones 1961)

mə̄·ʔə·pʰō·pʰɨ̄ˀ·kə·nɛ̄·hāˀ — have the son smoke away the bees (Ratanakul 1981)

mɛ̀ˀ·kʰlī·pʰō — little eyes

mɨ̀ˀ·mɨ̀ˀ·pʰō — pleasant, enjoyable (reduplicated with diminutive marker)

nɔ̂ˀ·pà·mɨ̂ˀ·pʰō — little princess

nɔ̂ˀ·tə̀·pʰō — small spoon, teaspoon

nə·hîˀ·pʰō·xɔ̄·pʰō — your family (elaborate expression)

nə·pʰō — your child

pòˀ·kʰwâˀ·pʰō — boy

pə·pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄·pʰō — us Karen people

pə·pʰō·pə·lì — our children and grandchildren

pə·dɛ̄·pʰō — little rabbit

pɣà·būˀ·dāˀ·pʰō — Buddhist

pɣà·dō·tâ·ɣɔ̀·pʰō — photographer

pɣà·hɔ̂ˀ·kʰôˀ·pʰō — people of the earth

pɣà·kwɛ̄ˀ·lìˀ·pʰō — writer

pɣà·kɔ̂·pə·jɔ̀·pʰō — Burmese person

pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄·pʰō — Karen people

pɣà·kʰə·rìˀ·pʰō — Christian

pɣà·lɔ̂·kə·wɔ̀·pʰō — villagers

pɣà·mà·tâ·pʰō — worker

pɣà·mà·lō·tâ·pʰō — student

pɣà·pʰō·θâˀ — children, young people

pɣà·xɨ̄·tʰîˀ·θêˀ·ɲā·tâ·pʰō — researcher

pɣà·ɣɛ̀·kə·lîˀ·pʰō — dancer

pɣà·ʔɔ̄·θīˀ·pʰō — drinker, alcoholic

pɣà·θāˀ·wîˀ·tâ·pʰō — singer

pɣà·θə·wɔ̄·pʰō — villager

pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄·pʰō — Karen people

pɣà·pə·jɔ̀·pʰō — Burmese person

pɣà·tʃō·pʰō — student

pʰlɔ̂ˀ·kʰī·pʰō — underwear

pʰôˀ·xɛ̄·pʰō — orphan

pʰō·kʰwā — son

pʰō·lì — children and grandchildren, descendants (cumulative kinship coordinate compound)

pʰō·mɨ̂ˀ — daughter

pʰō·sʰīˀ — baby, infant

pʰō·θə·dā — youngest child

pʰō·dôˀ — nephew (lit., child-big?)

pʰō·dôˀ·mɨ̂ˀ — niece (child-big-F?)

pʰō·kʰwā — son

pʰō·mɨ̂ˀ — daughter (child-F)

pʰō·mɨ̂ˀ·θə·dā — youngest daughter

pʰō·θâˀ — child, boy

pʰō·θâˀ·hō — children (example 758)

pʰō·θâˀ·kʰwā — young man (in 896)

pʰɔ̄·pʰō — little flower, little plants

pʰɨ̂ˀ·pʰɨ̂ˀ·pʰō — short (reduplicated with diminutive marker)

sɔ̀·pʰō·ɣɔ̀ — Saw Pho Gaw (male name)

sʰâˀ·pʰō·kɔ̂·pʰō — animal

sʰīˀ·sʰīˀ·kòˀ·pʰō — be very small, tiny

sʰīˀ·sʰīˀ·pʰō — small (reduplicated with diminutive marker)

sʰə̄·pʰō — verse

tâ·pʰō·tâ·lì — material, property, belongings; animal

tâ·pʰō·xâ — insect, bug

tâ·ɣê·tâ·klò·lə̄·ʔə·bâˀ·tʰwɛ̄·dɔ̄ˀ·pə·pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄·pʰō — information related to us Karen

tə·sô·pʰō — a little while

tə·sɛ̄ˀ·pʰō — a little bit

tʃō·pʰō — student (example 668)

tʃō·pʰō — student

tʰī·pù·pʰō — small well

tʰī·pʰō·kɔ̂·pʰō — citizens (children of water and land)

tʰī·pʰō·klō — river, creek

tʰôˀ·pʰō·lîˀ·pʰō — birds (elaborate expression; only first component contributes meaning)

tʰwîˀ·pʰō — puppy, small dog (dog + diminutive)

tʰɔ̂ˀ·pʰō·nê·mā — raise children and get married (coordinate compound)

xɛ̀·xɛ̀·pʰō — thin (of body, with diminutive marker)

ɲâˀ·pʰō — fish (common term in Northern Thailand; fish + diminutive)

ɲâˀ·lîˀ·pʰō — Nyali (name)

ɲâˀ·pʰō — fish (common term in N.Thailand)

ɲâˀ·pʰō·kə·θū — fish curry

ʔə·mɛ̀ˀ·θâˀ·pʰō — their little faces

ʔə·pʰō — his child

ʔə·pʰō·dôˀ — his nephew

ʔə·pʰō·mɨ̂ˀ — his daughter, their daughter

ʔə·pʰō·mɨ̂ˀ·dôˀ — their eldest daughter

θôˀ·pʰō·θôˀ·lì — teach the young (A-B-A-C elaborate expression)

θə·wɔ̄·pʰō — villagers, villager

θɨ̄ˀ·pʰō — soldier (military-child)

pʰōˀ

harmony (second element of elaborate pair)

pʰōˀ·hɨ̄ — embrace, hug

ʔôˀ·xū·ʔôˀ·pʰōˀ — live in harmony (elaborate expression)

pʰrâˀ

Hpra (part of name)

pʰrâˀ·θū·wā — Hpra Thoo Wah (personal name)

pʰrêˀ

ʔē·pʰrêˀ — April

pʰrī

lā·ʔē·pʰrī — April

lā·ʔə̄·pʰrī — April (loanword)

pʰū

besmear, spread on

jə·pʰū·wā — I polish white

pʰū·wā — polish white, make white by smearing

pʰɔ̂ˀ

grab, catch, hold, touch

dōˀ·pʰɔ̂ˀ — turn (himself) in, let (himself) be caught

dōˀ·pʰɔ̂ˀ·ʔə·θāˀ — turn oneself in, let oneself be arrested

hāˀ·lù·pʰɔ̂ˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ — hunt for (example 547)

pʰɔ̂ˀ·kwâ — touch and see, feel (tentative/conative)

pʰɔ̂ˀ·kwâ·mê·ʔə·kô·wɛ̄·dôˀ·tʰɛ̄·lɛ̂ˀ — touch to see how hot it is (with mê in interrogative complement)

pʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — take away, seize

pʰɔ̂ˀ·lòˀ — grab each other's, take each other's

pʰɔ̂ˀ·lòˀ·pə·sɨ̄ — take each other's hands (with sɨ̄ as object, not θāˀ)

pʰɔ̂ˀ·nê — catch (and get) (example 763)

pʰɔ̂ˀ·sʰûˀ — rape, forcefully grab (example 690)

pʰɔ̂ˀ·xàˀ — hold, hold fast (activity verb)

pʰɔ̄

cook (verb)
flower

jə·kə·pʰɔ̄ — I will cook

mê·lə̄·kwɛ̄·pʰō·lôˀ·bâˀ·wɛ̄·pʰɔ̄ — because bees need flowers (Vlog)

nɔ̂·lā·sē·pʰɔ̄ — Naw Lah Say Paw (name)

nə·pʰɔ̄·ʔɔ̂ˀ — you cook (for eating)

nə·pʰɔ̄·tə̂ˀ — your goal

pə·pʰɔ̄·kʰôˀ — above us

pʰāˀ·pʰɔ̄ — half

pʰɔ̄·pàˀ — cook for later

pʰɔ̄·pàˀ·sə̀ — cooked in advance

pʰɔ̄·pàˀ·sə̀·ʔə·θāˀ — cook by itself, be cooked spontaneously

pʰɔ̄·pʰō — little flower, little plants

pʰɔ̄·tè — cook (verbal coordinate compound; tè not independent)

pʰɔ̄·xə̂ˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ — cook with roasted rice flour

pʰɔ̄·ʔɔ̂ˀ — cook for eating

pʰɔ̄·ʔɔ̂ˀ·tè·ʔɔ̂ˀ — cook for eating (elaborate expression from pʰɔ̄-tè)

pʰɔ̄·kʰôˀ — above, space above (relator noun; pʰɔ̄ 'granary?' + kʰôˀ 'head')

pʰɔ̄·làˀ — below, under, space below (relator noun; pʰɔ̄ 'granary?' + làˀ 'underside')

pʰɔ̄·tə̂ˀ — goal, target

tâ·pʰāˀ·pʰɔ̄ — half thing? (banknote?)

pʰə

tâ·pʰə·rə̄·sʰə̂ˀ — present, gift

pʰə̄

nə·pʰə̄·nɨ̀ˀ — you put in

nə·pʰə̄·nɨ̀ˀ·lə̂·sʰū·tʰə̂ˀ·pù·bâˀ·sʰâˀ·θə·nàˀ·kē — although you put a stone in the bag (LTP.D, concessive without mê)

pàˀ·kə·pʰə̄·lɔ̀·kè — be proud of

pʰə̄·mɨ̂ — during (relator noun, rarer than kʰā)

pʰə̄·nɨ̀ˀ — put in, insert

pʰɛ̄·jə·tʰɔ̂ˀ·tʃō·ʔə·pʰə̄·mɨ̂ — while attending class (with pʰə̄.mɨ̂)

ʔə·pʰə̄·mɨ̂ — during (relator noun)

pʰɛ̄

locative preposition: at (location, time)
when (temporal adverbializer)
necklace

pʰɛ̄·jə·tʰɔ̂ˀ·tʃō·ʔə·pʰə̄·mɨ̂ — while attending class (with pʰə̄.mɨ̂)

pʰɛ̄·jə·ʔôˀ·tə·sʰûˀ·bâˀ·ʔə·kʰā — when I am sick (temporal clause with negated verb)

pʰɛ̄·jə·ʔɔ̂ˀ·mè·wì·ʔə·lɔ̂·kʰī — after I have eaten (with relator noun lɔ̂.kʰī)

pʰɛ̄·lə̄ — when (with generic subordinator)

pʰɛ̄·lɛ̂ˀ — where, which (question word)

pʰɛ̄·lɛ̂ˀ·pʰɛ̄·lɔ̂ˀ — where, in what places (adverbial elaborate expression)

pʰɛ̄·mū·kʰôˀ·sù·ʔə·sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̂ — when it rains (with sʰə̄.kətɔ̂)

pʰɛ̄·nêˀ — there

pʰɛ̄·nə·lɛ̀·ʔə·kʰā — when you go (temporal clause with relator noun)

pʰɛ̄·tʰū — golden necklace

pʰɛ̄·ʔì — here

pʰɛ̄·ʔì·pʰɛ̄·nɨ̀ — here and there (elaborate expression from ʔì-nɨ̀)

pʰɛ̄·lə̄ — when (temporal) (pʰɛ̄ + lə̄?)

pʰɛ̄·lɛ̂ˀ — where, which (place)

pʰɛ̄·nêˀ — there (locative)

pʰɛ̄·ʔì — here

pʰɛ̄ˀ

clear (fields), weed, slash and burn

kə·pʰɛ̄ˀ·lɔ̀ — will clear (a field)

pʰɣī

be light (weight)
be well (of health)
scatter

kə·pʰɣī — will be light

pʰɣī·lɔ̀ — scatter (seeds)

tə·pʰɣī — not be light (of heart) = not feel well

θûˀ·pʰɣī·θāˀ·ɲɔ̄ — be joyful (elaborate expression combining two compounds)

θûˀ·pʰɣī·θāˀ·ɲɔ̄·θə·kōˀ — rejoice together (example 697)

pʰɣôˀ

come together, assemble
V (something) together (purposive modifier)
gathered, assembled (in compounds)

pàˀ·pʰɣôˀ — put together, compile

sə̄·pʰɣôˀ — tie together

tâ·ʔôˀ·pʰɣôˀ — meeting (thing-be.gathered)

tâ·blɨ̄ˀ·tâ·pʰɣôˀ — benefit (n.)

tâ·ʔôˀ·pʰɣôˀ — meeting

tʰə̄·pʰɣôˀ — collect, gather

ʔôˀ·pʰɣôˀ — be gathered, meet

ʔôˀ·pʰɣôˀ·rō·pʰɣôˀ — be in a group, be gathered (elaborate expression)

pʰɣō

xê·θə·pʰɣō·xɔ̀ — rush over, run hastily horizontally

θə·pʰɣō — rush, hurry

pʰɣū

smear, spread

pʰɣū·bə̄ — cover by smearing (bə̄ only as V2)

pʰɣɔ̂ˀ

be tough, be hard

nāˀ·nāˀ·pʰɣɔ̂ˀ·pʰɣɔ̂ˀ — tough (reduplicated elaborate)

pʰɨ̂ˀ

be short
jump

pʰɨ̂ˀ·lɔ̀ — get shorter

pʰɨ̂ˀ·pʰɨ̂ˀ·pʰō — short (reduplicated with diminutive marker)

ʔə·pʰɨ̂ˀ·θī·lɔ̀ — he jumped down and died

ʔə·pʰɨ̂ˀ·θī·lɔ̀·θāˀ·ʔə·lɔ̂ — the place where he jumped down and died

pʰɨ̄

grandfather (title, term of address)
group, flock (classifier)

bâˀ·tâ·xɨ̄·tʰîˀ·nê·ʔɔ̀·lə̄·pʰɨ̄·mɔ̂·tɔ̂ — were discovered by (agent in oblique phrase)

dɔ̄·pʰɨ̄·lì — grandfather and grandchild

jə·pʰɨ̄ — my grandfather

pʰī·pʰɨ̄ — grandparents (cumulative kinship coordinate compound)

pʰɨ̄·mɔ̂·tɔ̂ — Old Maw Taw (legend character)

pʰɨ̄·tʰɔ̄·nâ·θrɛ̄ — Hpu Htaw Na Threh (personal name)

pʰɨ̄·tî·θɔ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ — Hputee Thaung Htaut (personal name)

pʰɨ̄·θāˀ·pɣâ — old man

tâ·lɔ̂·lə̄·pʰɨ̄·θāˀ·pɣâ·mà·θī·tʰɔ̄ˀ·ʔə·lɔ̂ — the place where the old man killed the pig (Jones 1961)

tə·pʰɨ̄ — one group

pʰɨ̄ˀ

be startled, be frightened
smoke out, drive away with smoke

bâˀ·pʰɨ̄ˀ — might, could happen (apprehensive marker); signals unexpectedness, lack of control, apprehension

mà·plì·mà·pʰɨ̄ˀ — scare, frighten (elaborate expression; more extreme than mà-plì)

mə̄·ʔə·pʰō·pʰɨ̄ˀ·kə·nɛ̄·hāˀ — have the son smoke away the bees (Ratanakul 1981)

nə·mê·ʔɔ̂ˀ·bâˀ·pʰɨ̄ˀ·mə·kɔ̀ˀ·dɨ̄ — if you had eaten it just now by any chance (Ballard 1973c, counterfactual)

pʰɨ̄ˀ·bâˀ — be frightened (by something)

tâ·plì·tâ·pʰɨ̄ˀ — fear

ʔɔ̂ˀ·bâˀ·pʰɨ̄ˀ — happen to eat, eat by chance

rà

lìˀ·rà·lɔ̀ — brochure

rà·lɔ̀ — distribute

râˀ

intensifier (N.Thailand)

jə·tʃō·θə·râˀ — my schoolteacher (headed compound with single possessive prefix)

jə·θə·râˀ·mɨ̂ˀ — my female teacher

kə·θîˀ·θə·râˀ — doctor

tʃō·θə·râˀ — schoolteacher

θə·râˀ — teacher (title; common form of address for teachers and experts)

θə·râˀ·dôˀ — reverend

θə·râˀ·mɨ̂ˀ — female teacher

θə·râˀ·mɨ̂ˀ — female teacher; nurse

θə·râˀ·tʃō·kʰôˀ — principal, head teacher

rāˀ

intensifier (Northern Thailand variety)
be numerous (verb)

rāˀ·lêˀ — intensifier (Kayin-Tak border youth speech)

rêˀ

district (second element?)

kɔ̂·rêˀ — district

tû·rêˀ·θâˀ — durian

tɔ̄·ʔū·kɔ̂·rêˀ — Taw Oo District (place name)

rē

deal with, socialize with

pə·rē — we deal with, we interact with

pə·rē·ʔɔ̀·mê·θē — if we know how to deal with them (mê preceding descriptive verb θē)

rē·dôˀ — be important

rē·dôˀ·kə·tə̂ — most important, extremely important

ʔə·rē·dôˀ — it is important, important (thing/person)

rian

tʰú·rian — durian fruit (loanword)

rìˀ

kʰə·rìˀ — Christ

pɣà·kʰə·rìˀ·pʰō — Christian

rîˀ

nâˀ·rîˀ — hour, clock; watch

tə·nâˀ·rîˀ — one hour

rīˀ

kwâ·tə·rīˀ — look around (example 784)

lōˀ·kʰɔ̂ˀ·rīˀ — car tyre

lɛ̀·tə·rīˀ — go around

tə·rīˀ — turn around, circle (directional verb)

tə·rīˀ·kè — turn back, decide

tə·rīˀ·ʔə·θāˀ — rotate (intr.) (anticausative)

rò

sō·rò — (third and fourth elements of 'junta')

θɨ̄ˀ·mɔ̀·sō·rò — junta, military government

rôˀ

kôˀ·rôˀ·nâˀ — coronavirus (loanword)

ʔə·xà·ʃə·wē·rôˀ — Ahasuerus, Xerxes (king's name)

rō

(elaborate partner of pʰɣôˀ)

ʔôˀ·pʰɣôˀ·rō·pʰɣôˀ — be in a group, be gathered (elaborate expression)

rû

kə·rû — group

kə·rû·pù — inside the group

kə·rû·pʰō — small group

rūˀ

office

tə·rūˀ — Chinese person

tə·rūˀ·kɔ̂ — China

rɔ̂

taste

ʔə·rɔ̂ — its taste

rə

kɔ̂·ʔə·mɛ̄·rə·kà — America

kɔ̂·ʔə·mɛ̄·rə·kà·pù — in the United States

ʔə·mɛ̄·rə·kà — America (loanword with prefix)

rə̄

kə·rə̄ — group

kə·rə̄·pʰō — member

lìˀ·pə·rə̄ — letter (written message)

pə·rə̄ — (second element of 'letter')

tâ·pʰə·rə̄·sʰə̂ˀ — present, gift

tə·rə̄ — collectivizer (variant of təpʰâˀ)

rɛ̂ˀ

lìˀ·sʰɔ̄·rɛ̂ˀ — essay

tâ·rɛ̂ˀ·tâ·klɛ̀ — plan (n.)

sâ

be tender, be young, be unripe
be weak

jə·nɔ̂·kə·sâ — myself, by myself (oblique reflexive)

ke·sâ — lord (in 'self')

kə·sâ — lord (title of respect); physical body (opposite of θāˀ 'soul/heart')

kə·sâ·jwà — Lord God

kə·sâ·θāˀ — self (combined form, used in spoken language)

kə·sâ·θāˀ — self (body-heart)

nɔ̂·ke·sâ — self (body-lord, used with possessive prefix in oblique phrases)

nɔ̂·kə·sâ·θāˀ — self (variant)

pə·kə·sâ — our body

pə·nɔ̂·kə·sâ — ourselves, by ourselves (oblique reflexive)

sâ·lɔ̀ — get weaker

ʔə·kə·sâ·θāˀ — himself (body-heart)

θāˀ·sâ — be young (of people)

θāˀ·sâ — be young

sā

present (in 'at present')

mə·sā — at present, now

sāˀ

ask
start (first element, from Burmese)

kə·sāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — will start

kʰə̂ˀ·sāˀ — represent

sāˀ·ʔɛ̂ˀ — ask to be boyfriend/girlfriend

sāˀ·kʰō — paper

sāˀ·kʰō·kē — shred of paper

sāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — start, begin (non-modal secondary verb; sāˀ from Burmese sá + tʰɔ̂ˀ 'come/go up')

sāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·lə̄ — starting from, since

sāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·lə̄·ʔôˀ·pʰlɛ̂ˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·lì·lì — since (you) were born (with both markers)

sāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·ʔə·θāˀ — start (intr.) (anticausative)

tə·sāˀ·ʔɛ̂ˀ — will not ask to be boyfriend/girlfriend

ʔə·kʰə̂ˀ·sāˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — it represents (with coreference marker)

ʔə·tə·kʰə̂ˀ·sāˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — it doesn't represent

sê

also (spoken variant, clause-external before final particles)
attenuative particle (softens commands/questions)

kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·sê·kɔ̄ˀ — also occurred

mà·sê·kɔ̄ˀ — also do

mê·sê·kɔ̄ˀ — are also

mə̄·sê·kɔ̄ˀ — also asked

pâˀ·sê·kɔ̄ˀ·wɛ̄ — also joined (with coreference marker)

pə·ʔôˀ·sê·kɔ̄ˀ — we also have

pɣè·sê·kɔ̄ˀ — also bought

sê·kɔ̄ˀ — also, too (adverbial particle, can modify subject, verb, or occur clause-externally)

sê·kɔ̄ˀ — also (variant of sê.kɔ̄ˀ)

ʔôˀ·sê·kɔ̄ˀ — also have

ʔə·dɨ̄ˀ·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·sê·kɔ̄ˀ — also causes

sē

money, silver

jə·sē — my money

klôˀ·sē — wealth (parts of whole type coordinate compound)

klôˀ·ɦò·sē·ɦò — wealth (elaborate expression with semantically void ɦò)

lā·dī·sē·bə̂ˀ — December

nɔ̂·lā·sē·pʰɔ̄ — Naw Lah Say Paw (name)

nə·sē — your money

pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄·lə̄·ʔə·sē·kə·ʔā·nê·nà — people who have more money than you (possessor relativization)

sē·sʰɔ̂ˀ·tʰwɛ̄ — subsidy, allowance

ʔə·sē — his money, his/her money, bank note

sin

nə·sin·gle — are you single? (English loan, mixed code)

sìˀ

paddy field

sìˀ·lɔ̂ — paddy field

sî

press

sî·kɔ̄ˀ — honk (e.g., car horn)

sîˀ

jump
say (in compounds)
punish (first element)
leave (first element)

bâˀ·tâ·sîˀ·ɲɔ̂ˀ·ʔɔ̀ — be punished

jə·kə·sîˀ·lɔ̀ — I will leave

lə̄·pə·jɔ̀·kwɛ̄ˀ·wɛ̄·ʔə·tâ·sîˀ·sò·tɛ̄·sò — the chronicles written by the Burmese (prenominal RC)

nə·sîˀ·nɔ̂ˀ — you judge

sîˀ·kʰū·θûˀ — flee in secret

sîˀ·lɔ̀ — jump down, parachute

sîˀ·lɔ̀ — leave, depart

sîˀ·nɔ̂ˀ — judge (v.)

sîˀ·pù — flee, run away

sîˀ·pù·wɛ̄·dâˀ — (they) fled (with coreference marker)

sîˀ·tɛ̀·tɛ̄·lɔ̀ — preach

sîˀ·ɲɔ̂ˀ — judge (verb); punish

tâ·sîˀ·sò·tɛ̄·sò — history, chronicles

ʔə·tâ·sîˀ·sò·tɛ̄·sò — their history, chronicles

sī

kō·sī·θâˀ — papaya

kō·sī·θâˀ·tô — pounded papaya salad

sī·jôˀ — Zion

sīˀ

say (in sīˀ.blɨ̄ˀ 'thank', sīˀ-sʰə̄-kè 'reply')

jə·sīˀ·blɨ̄ˀ·bâˀ — I thank

pə·sīˀ — we say

pə·sīˀ·blɨ̄ˀ·kè — we thank (you)

sīˀ·bâˀ — said (to him)

sīˀ·lɔ̀·ʔə·θāˀ — say to oneself

sīˀ·sʰə̄·kè — reply, answer back

sīˀ·blɨ̄ˀ — thank

sīˀ·blɨ̄ˀ·bâˀ·sə̀ — thank (with help meaning)

sīˀ·sʰə̄ — answer (v.)

sīˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·pə·trə̀ — praise

sīˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·pə·trə̀·lɔ̀ — praise oneself; lɔ̀ indicates orientation toward self

sīˀ·wɛ̄ — say, said (with coreference marker)

tâ·sīˀ·sʰə̄ — answer (noun, nominalized verb)

sò

era, age, time (in compounds)

kʰlɨ̄ˀ·sò — be modern

lə̄·pə·jɔ̀·kwɛ̄ˀ·wɛ̄·ʔə·tâ·sîˀ·sò·tɛ̄·sò — the chronicles written by the Burmese (prenominal RC)

tâ·sîˀ·sò·tɛ̄·sò — history, chronicles

ʔə·tâ·sîˀ·sò·tɛ̄·sò — their history, chronicles

sòˀ

carry (in arms)
commonly combines with all directional modifiers

hɛ̄·sòˀ — bring (example 780)

hɛ̄·sòˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — bring up/out

hɛ̄·sòˀ — bring (come-carry)

jə·hɛ̄·sòˀ·nê — I bring for (her)

kè·sòˀ·wɛ̄·dīˀ — take back as well (additive meaning of dīˀ, Ballard 1973c)

lɛ̀·sòˀ·xɨ̀ˀ — take along with

sòˀ·kè — carry back

sòˀ·kwìˀ — carry away

sòˀ·lɔ̀ — carry down

sòˀ·nê — carry for (someone)

sòˀ·nɨ̀ˀ — carry in

sòˀ·nɨ̀ˀ·lɔ̀ — carry in

sòˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — carry up/out; take up

sòˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — carry away

sòˀ·xɔ̀ — carry horizontally

sô

while, moment (classifier for time)

tə·sô — a while, a moment

tə·sô·pʰō — a little while

tə·sô — a while

sôˀ

body (in compound)

θī·sôˀ — corpse, dead body

sō

from above (directional/adverbial modifier)
V from above

kwâ·sō — look out over, look from above

kʰāˀ·sō — shoot above (an object)

sō·rò — (third and fourth elements of 'junta')

tə·dɔ̄·sō — ridgepole (top of roof)

θɨ̄ˀ·mɔ̀·sō·rò — junta, military government

sōˀ

tip, point

lìˀ·sōˀ·plà — inscription

sōˀ·plà — carve

ʔə·kʰôˀ·sōˀ — its top, its tip

sù

rain (v.)

pʰɛ̄·mū·kʰôˀ·sù·ʔə·sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̂ — when it rains (with sʰə̄.kətɔ̂)

tâ·sù — it rains, it is raining

tâ·sù·kʰā — rainy season

tâ·sù·kʰā·kə·tɔ̂·mê·wì — when the rainy season is over (news article)

wī·θāˀ·sù — please (polite request marker)

sû

believe (first element)

sû·nàˀ — believe (synonymous type coordinate compound; nàˀ not independent)

tâ·sû·tâ·nàˀ — belief (nominal elaborate expression from sû-nàˀ)

sûˀ

pair, set

tə·sûˀ — one pair

sūˀ

sūˀ·kā — use (formal)

swī

tâ·θāˀ·swī·kə·tɨ̀ — resilience

θāˀ·swī·kə·tɨ̀ — be resilient

sɔ̀

male honorific prefix for personal names

lɔ̀·sɔ̀ — drip, drop

lɔ̀·sɔ̀·bâˀ — start drooling (unexpectedly, of appetite); drip (unexpectedly)

sɔ̀ — male honorific

sɔ̀·bɔ̄ — Saw Baw (male name)

sɔ̀·jà·kòˀ — James (personal name)

sɔ̀·jò·hâˀ — John (personal name)

sɔ̀·kêˀ — Saw Kay (male personal name)

sɔ̀·lā — Saw Lah (male personal name)

sɔ̀·pʰō·ɣɔ̀ — Saw Pho Gaw (male name)

sɔ̀·tʰū — Saw Too (male name)

sɔ̀·wā — Saw Wah (male personal name)

sɔ̀·ɣè — Saw Gay (male personal name)

sɔ̀·blɛ̂ˀ — Saw Bleh (male personal name)

sɔ̀·kêˀ — Saw Kay (personal name)

sɔ̀·pà — king

sɔ̀·sɨ̀ — be separate, be distant, be apart

sɔ̀·wā — Saw Wa (male personal name)

sɔ̀·θɔ̄ — monk (Sgaw term)

ʔôˀ·sɔ̀·sɨ̀ — be separate

ʔôˀ·sɔ̀·sɨ̀·lòˀ — stay at a distance from each other

ʔôˀ·sɔ̀·sɨ̀·lòˀ·pə·θāˀ — stay at a distance from each other

sɔ̂ˀ

be wet

bâˀ·sɔ̂ˀ — get wet

kə·sɔ̂ˀ — news (second element)

mà·bâˀ·sɔ̂ˀ — make wet

tâ·θāˀ·kʰɨ̄·kə·sɔ̂ˀ — good news

tâ·kə·sɔ̂ˀ — news, story, information

sɔ̄

elder brother
juice, liquid, essence
be clean

jə·wɛ̂·sɔ̄ — my elder brother

kə·nɛ̄·sɔ̄ — honey

kə·sɔ̄·dɔ̄ — indeed, truly, properly (partially reduplicated adverb)

lìˀ·sɔ̄·sʰɣī — Bible, holy book

lìˀ·sɔ̄·sʰɣī — Bible (book-holy)

sɔ̄·sʰɣī — be holy

sɔ̄·tə·lô·pâ — go-between

ʔə·kî·ʔə·sɔ̄ — (the) quality (of) (parts of whole type elaborate expression)

θē·sɔ̄·kwìˀ — wash away (completely)

sə

sə·bɣɛ̄ — table

sə·kɔ̀·mɨ̂ˀ — chief's wife, headman's wife

sə·pīˀ — grape

sə·pīˀ·lɔ̂ — vineyard

ʔè·sə·tâ — Esther (personal name)

sə̀

help (verbal modifier, adds helpee argument)

bə̂ˀ·sə̀ — between (relator noun; physical and abstract space); only occurs as relator noun, not as independent noun

bɣɔ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·sə̀ — help repair

jə·kə·lɛ̀·pàˀ·sə̀ — I will go first (example 728)

jə·θāˀ·ʔɨ̄ˀ·sə̀ — I am sad for (you)

mà·sə̀ — help (by doing)

mà·sə̀ — help

nə·pɣè·sə̀ — you help buy

pàˀ·sə̀ — in advance (disyllabic variant of pàˀ)

pɣè·sə̀ — help (by) buying

pʰīˀ·sə̀·mà·sə̀ — help (elaborate expression with verbal modifier sə̀)

pʰɔ̄·pàˀ·sə̀ — cooked in advance

pʰɔ̄·pàˀ·sə̀·ʔə·θāˀ — cook by itself, be cooked spontaneously

sīˀ·blɨ̄ˀ·bâˀ·sə̀ — thank (with help meaning)

tâ·mà·sə̀ — help (n.)

tâ·mà·bâˀ·xāˀ·tâ·mà·sə̀·pɣà·bâˀ·kɔ̄·bâˀ·kʰɛ̄ — work concerned with helping people in trouble (Jones 1961)

tâ·mà·sə̀ — help (noun) (from tâ 'thing' + mà 'do' + sə̀ 'help')

tɛ̄·klòˀ·tʰī·sə̀ — help translate

xē·bā·tʰɨ̄·kə·pʰâˀ·sə̀ — pray for (someone) (with help meaning)

ʔôˀ·sʰōˀ·tê·pàˀ·sə̀·lī — had already lived (example 729)

ʔə·bə̂ˀ·sə̀ — between them

ʔə·tâ·mà·sə̀ — his help

θāˀ·kʰɨ̄·sə̀ — be happy for (someone) (sharing emotion)

θāˀ·ʔɨ̄ˀ·sə̀ — be sad for (someone), share sadness

θē·sə̀ — help wash

sə̂

lead (metal)

kə·sə̂ — mountain

kə·sə̂·kə·sʰūˀ — mountain pass

kə·sə̂·kʰôˀ — mountain top

sə̂·bō — pencil

sə̄

tie, bind

sə̄·pʰɣôˀ — tie together

sə̄ˀ

try (second element)

klɛ̄ˀ·sə̄ˀ — try hard, strive to, make an effort to

ɣɨ̀ˀ·klɛ̄ˀ·sə̄ˀ — try hard, make an effort (non-modal secondary verb; from ɣɨ̀ˀ 'do with effort' + klɛ̄ˀ.sə̄ˀ 'try, strive to')

sɛ̂ˀ

kɔ̂·sɛ̂ˀ — state (administrative)

kə·ɲɔ̄·kɔ̂·sɛ̂ˀ — Kayin State

sɛ̄ˀ

bit, small amount

bâˀ·tə·sɛ̄ˀ — a bit cheaper

dôˀ·tə·sɛ̄ˀ — a little bigger (comparative without explicit standard)

sɛ̄ˀ·kʰī — be late

sʰīˀ·tə·sɛ̄ˀ — a bit small (sometimes too small)

tâ·dɨ̄ˀ·sɛ̄ˀ·prɛ̄ˀ — skirmish, conflict (example 716)

tə·sɛ̄ˀ — a bit

tə·sɛ̄ˀ·pʰō — a little bit

tə·sɛ̄ˀ — a bit, a little (from tə- 'one' + sɛ̄ˀ 'bit'); expresses excessive degree or comparative

tʰɔ̄·tə·sɛ̄ˀ — a bit long (sometimes too long)

ɣà·sɛ̄ˀ·ɣà·sɛ̄ˀ — a bit to each (distributive)

sɣà

few, a few (quantifier
also descriptive verb 'be few')
be few, be scarce

sɣà·lɔ̀ — decrease

ʔə·sɣà·kə·tə̂ — at least

sɣɔ̀

Sgaw Karen (person, subgroup)
handful (measure
from verb 'grab, clutch')

kə·ɲɔ̄·sɣɔ̀ — Sgaw Karen

sɨ̀

separate (second element?)

sɔ̀·sɨ̀ — be separate, be distant, be apart

ʔôˀ·sɔ̀·sɨ̀ — be separate

ʔôˀ·sɔ̀·sɨ̀·lòˀ — stay at a distance from each other

ʔôˀ·sɔ̀·sɨ̀·lòˀ·pə·θāˀ — stay at a distance from each other

sɨ̀ˀ

hammock

sɨ̀ˀ·sɨ̀ˀ — respectively (reduplicated adverb)

sɨ̂ˀ

tâ·sɨ̂ˀ·tâ·plâ — poison

sɨ̄

hand, finger
time (classifier for instances
mostly in təsɨ̄ 'once, as soon as')

hīˀ·sɨ̄·nɛ̂ˀ·klɛ̄ — guide (verb) (A-B-C-D structure elaborate expression)

kə·sɨ̄·dɨ̄ — quietly (partially reduplicated adverb)

kə·sɨ̄·dɨ̄·pʰō — quietly

pə·sɨ̄ — our hands

pʰɔ̂ˀ·lòˀ·pə·sɨ̄ — take each other's hands (with sɨ̄ as object, not θāˀ)

sɨ̄·mêˀ — claw

sɨ̄·nɛ̂ˀ — index finger

sɨ̄·θē·kʰɔ̂ˀ·θē — skilled in handiwork (elaborate expression)

sɨ̄·tɔ̀ — arm

sɨ̄·ɲā·θāˀ — palm of hand

tə·sɨ̄ — once, one time

tə·sɨ̄·mɨ̂·dôˀ — one inch

tə·sɨ̄ — once, one time, as soon as (temporal particle)

tɨ̀·ʔə·pâ·plâ·lɔ̀·kè·ʔɔ̀·tə·sɨ̄ — when his father released him (Saw Kay)

tɨ̀·mê·klôˀ·ʔə·kê·ʔə·ɣɔ̀·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·tə·sɨ̄ — once the drum-casting mould has been formed (Karen drum)

ʔə·sɨ̄·ɲā·θāˀ — his palm (of hand)

sʰâˀ

food
feed, food for animals

bâˀ·sʰâˀ — but, however (contrastive conjunction); although (clause-final concessive marker)

bâˀ·sʰâˀ·dɔ̄ˀ — however (clause-external adverb)

bâˀ·sʰâˀ·θə·nàˀ·kē — although (combined concessive marker)

bâˀ·sʰâˀ·θə·nàˀ·kē — although (combined concessive)

kɔ̂·sʰâˀ — township

nə·pʰə̄·nɨ̀ˀ·lə̂·sʰū·tʰə̂ˀ·pù·bâˀ·sʰâˀ·θə·nàˀ·kē — although you put a stone in the bag (LTP.D, concessive without mê)

pə·sʰâˀ — our food

sʰâˀ·pʰō·kɔ̂·pʰō — animal

ʔɔ̂ˀ·sʰâˀ — eat

ʔə·tʰûˀ·mê·tə·ʔôˀ·ʔā·bâˀ·sʰâˀ — although there were not many plants (Moon rabbit, with mê)

sʰā

sell
be ill, be sick, hurt, be painful
dawn, day (in compounds)

bâˀ·sʰūˀ·bâˀ·sʰā — get sick (elaborate)

dīˀ·pə·kwɛ̄ˀ·pə·pʰāˀ·ʔɔ̀·lə̄·mɨ̂·mə·sʰā·tə·nì·ʔì·ʔə·θōˀ — as we read and write them today (Karen nationalism, similative clause modifying NP)

jə·kə·θîˀ·kʰôˀ·sʰā — my headache medicine

kə·tò·sʰūˀ·kə·tò·sʰā·bâˀ — hurt verbally (elaborate expression)

mɨ̂·sʰā·kʰɔ̄ — daytime (sun-dawn-side)

mɨ̂·mə·sʰā — day (temporal expression)

mɨ̂·mə·sʰā — day (temporal)

pə·kə·sʰā — we will be sick

pɣà·sʰā — patient, sick person

pɣà·sʰā — patient

sʰā·kə·tə̂ — most (harmful), the most

sʰā·ʔɔ̂ˀ — sell for a living

sʰā·ʔɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — sold off (with coreference marker)

tâ·lɛ̀·sʰɣə̄·ʔə·wɛ̄·θêˀ·lə̄·tâ·sʰā·hîˀ — they have been taken to a hospital (agent backgrounding in news)

tâ·sʰā·tâ — selling (things)

tâ·sʰā·tâ·pɣè — trade (noun) (cumulative type coordinate compound)

tâ·sʰā·ʔɔ̀ — he/she got sick (affectee as object, not reflexive)

tâ·sʰā — illness, sickness

tâ·sʰā·hîˀ — hospital

tâ·sʰā·θə·tròˀ — pandemic

tâ·sʰūˀ·tâ·sʰā — illness

tɛ̄·sʰā·bâˀ — say something hurtful to (mental affectedness)

sʰāˀ

fold, times
stitch, sew

kwâ·tʰī·kwâ·sʰāˀ — examine

pɣà·θûˀ·sʰāˀ·θāˀ·sʰāˀ — intelligent person

sʰāˀ·nê — stitch for (someone)

θûˀ·sʰāˀ·θāˀ·sʰāˀ — intelligent

sʰêˀ

sit (root)
dawn (in temporal expressions)

kɔ̄ˀ·sʰêˀ·nɔ̀ — invite to sit

kʰāˀ·sʰêˀ·nɔ̀ — chair

kʰɛ̄·mə·sʰêˀ — tomorrow

kʰɛ̄·tə·sʰêˀ — day after tomorrow

kʰɛ̄·mɨ̂·sʰêˀ — tomorrow (example 722)

lɔ̂·sʰêˀ·nɔ̀ — chair

sʰêˀ·nɔ̀ — sit (posture verb used in concurrent action constructions)

tə·sʰêˀ·nɔ̀ — don't sit

sʰē

upper garment, shirt
garment
elaborate partner of kʰɛ̄

jə·sʰē·kà — my shirt

kʰɛ̄·lə̀ˀ·kʰɛ̄·sʰē — all, everything (elaborate variant of kʰɛ̄.lə̀ˀ)

sʰē·wā — Karen white dress

sʰē·kà — shirt, blouse, upper garment

sʰē·mô·wā — white tunic

sʰē·mô·θū — black traditional Karen tunic

ʔôˀ·bêˀ·sʰē — be naked (state resulting from completion of action)

sʰîˀ

be sour

sʰîˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get sourer

θə·bâˀ·sʰîˀ — sour pickled mustard leaves

θə·kɔ̀·sʰîˀ·θâˀ — tomato (lit., sour eggplant fruit)

sʰī

ten (numeric classifier, unit of ten)

kʰī·sʰī — twenty

sʰīˀ

be small

pʰō·sʰīˀ — baby, infant

sʰīˀ·jì·lɛ̂ˀ — how far

sʰīˀ·lɔ̀ — get smaller

sʰīˀ·nê — smaller than

sʰīˀ·tə·sɛ̄ˀ — a bit small (sometimes too small)

sʰīˀ·tʰɔ̄ — length, dimensions

sʰīˀ·tʰɔ̄·lɛ̂ˀ — how high

sʰīˀ·jìˀ — how long, when

sʰīˀ·sʰīˀ·kòˀ·pʰō — be very small, tiny

sʰīˀ·sʰīˀ·pʰō — small (reduplicated with diminutive marker)

tə·dôˀ·tə·sʰīˀ — be medium-sized (cumulative type elaborate expression with negation)

ʔə·sʰīˀ — small

θāˀ·sʰīˀ — be timid, be sad, be discouraged

sʰō

be early, first (temporal-relational verbal modifier)
think (first element in sʰō.môˀ)
classifier for pairs, vehicles (common in N.Thailand)

hɛ̄·mê·sʰō·dɨ̄ — if you come early (Vlog, with frame-setting dɨ̄)

jə·sʰō·jə·kə·môˀ — I think (rare elaborate form)

jə·sʰō·kə·môˀ — I think (headed compound form)

jə·sʰō·kə·môˀ — I think

jə·sʰō·môˀ — I think

jə·ʔɔ̄·sʰō — I drink first

kə·kwâ·sʰō·kə·môˀ·dīˀ — will still consider it (Ballard 1973b)

lɛ̀·sʰō — go early, go first

nə·kə·sʰō·kə·môˀ — you would think

nə·mê·tə·θêˀ·ɲā·sʰō·bâˀ·nêˀ — if you hadn't known from before (counterfactual, Vlog)

nə·sʰō·kə·môˀ — you think

nə·sʰō·môˀ — you think

nə·tâ·sʰō·kə·môˀ — your thoughts

nə·tâ·sʰō·kə·môˀ·lə̄·ʔə·bâˀ·xāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·tâ·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·θāˀ — your thoughts about that incident

nə·xē·ʔɛ̂ˀ·sʰō — you asked first to be girlfriend/boyfriend

sʰō·kə·môˀ — think (coordinate compound)

sʰō·kə·môˀ — think

sʰō·môˀ — think (variant of sʰō.kəmôˀ)

sʰō·môˀ·lə̄ — think that (with complement)

sʰō·sʰō·tə·lə̄ — too early

tâ·sʰō·kə·môˀ — thought (n.)

tə·sʰō — one (classifier for ladders, pairs in N.Thailand)

tə·θêˀ·ɲā·sʰō — didn't know before

tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·lə̄·jə·ʔɔ̂ˀ·mè·nêˀ·jə·ʔɔ̄·sʰō·tʰī — before I eat, I first drink water (with sʰō 'first')

ʔə·sʰō·kə·tə̂ — first (lit., its earliest)

ʔə·xē·ʔɛ̂ˀ·sʰō — he asked first

ʔɛ̂ˀ·sʰō — love first

θē·sʰō — wash first

sʰōˀ

live (only in compounds with ʔôˀ, e.g., ʔôˀ-sʰōˀ 'reside')

hɔ̄·kɛ̂ˀ·sʰōˀ — too salty

jə·ʔôˀ·jə·sʰōˀ — I live (elaborate expression with personal prefix)

kə·ʔôˀ·kə·sʰōˀ — will live (elaborate expression with irrealis marker)

kɛ̂ˀ·sʰōˀ — excessively, beyond what is fit or desirable (adverb)

lɔ̂·ʔôˀ·lɔ̂·sʰōˀ — address (noun) (elaborate expression with noun lɔ̂)

lɛ̀·ʔôˀ·lɛ̀·sʰōˀ — go and live (elaborate expression with prior motion verb lɛ̀ as intervening element)

sʰōˀ·kē — be ill

tə·ʔôˀ·tə·sʰōˀ — doesn't live, don't live (elaborate expression with negative prefix)

ʔā·kɛ̂ˀ·sʰōˀ — too many, too much

ʔôˀ·sʰōˀ — live, reside (coordinate compound; sʰōˀ not independent)

ʔôˀ·sʰōˀ — reside, live

ʔôˀ·sʰōˀ·tê·pàˀ·sə̀·lī — had already lived (example 729)

ʔə·ʔôˀ·ʔə·sʰōˀ — they live (elaborate expression)

ʔə·ʔôˀ·ʔə·sʰōˀ·ʔə·lɔ̂·ʔə·klɛ̄ — the place where they live (Kato 1993)

sʰûˀ

be strong, be healthy
V by force, forcefully (adverbial modifier
semantically idiosyncratic)
subject-oriented: 'energetically, a lot, propensity'
hair (in compounds)

bâˀ·tâ·mà·sʰûˀ·ʔɔ̀·lə̄·pɣà·pòˀ·kʰwâˀ·tə·ɣà — is attacked by a man (agent in oblique phrase)

hīˀ·sʰûˀ — confiscate

jə·kʰôˀ·sʰûˀ — my hair

jə·mɛ̀ˀ·sʰûˀ — my eyelashes

kʰôˀ·θâˀ·xī·sʰûˀ — hair (on head)

mà·sʰûˀ — force, attack, do forcefully

mə̄·nê·sʰûˀ — force to (emphatic)

mə̄·sʰûˀ — force, order forcefully

mə̄·nê·sʰûˀ — force (v.) (order-get-be.strong)

mɛ̀ˀ·sʰûˀ — eyelash

pə·tâ·ʔôˀ·sʰûˀ·ʔôˀ·kʰlē — our health

pʰlɔ̄·sʰûˀ — force to marry

pʰɔ̂ˀ·sʰûˀ — rape, forcefully grab (example 690)

pʰɛ̄·jə·ʔôˀ·tə·sʰûˀ·bâˀ·ʔə·kʰā — when I am sick (temporal clause with negated verb)

sʰûˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get stronger

sʰûˀ·sʰûˀ — hard, vigorously, strenuously (adverbial use)

tə·sʰûˀ — not strong, unwell, be sick

ʔôˀ·sʰûˀ·ʔôˀ·kʰlē — be healthy (elaborate expression)

sʰū

allative preposition: to (goals, animate recipients)

kʰā·sʰū·ɲā — future (time-to-front)

kʰā·sʰū·ɲā — future

nə·pʰə̄·nɨ̀ˀ·lə̂·sʰū·tʰə̂ˀ·pù·bâˀ·sʰâˀ·θə·nàˀ·kē — although you put a stone in the bag (LTP.D, concessive without mê)

sʰū·nêˀ — to there

sʰū·ʔì — to here

sʰū·ɲā — ahead

sʰūˀ

be ill, be sick (first element of elaborate pair)

bâˀ·sʰūˀ·bâˀ·sʰā — get sick (elaborate)

kə·sə̂·kə·sʰūˀ — mountain pass

kə·sʰūˀ — between (physical space only; relator noun); middle (in compounds)

kə·tò·sʰūˀ·kə·tò·sʰā·bâˀ — hurt verbally (elaborate expression)

tâ·sʰūˀ·tâ·sʰā — illness

sʰwī

stuff, push

sʰwī·nɨ̀ˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — stuffed in (with coreference marker)

sʰɔ̂ˀ

sē·sʰɔ̂ˀ·tʰwɛ̄ — subsidy, allowance

sʰɔ̂ˀ·tʰwɛ̄ — support

sʰɔ̄

chicken
set up, establish
stage, step (classifier)

kə·sʰɔ̄·tə·lɛ̄ — will change

kə·sʰɔ̄ — elephant

kə·sʰɔ̄·mì — wild elephant

kə·sʰɔ̄·mɛ̄ — elephant tusk

kə·sʰɔ̄·pʰā — male elephant (pʰā only in compounds)

kə·sʰɔ̄·pʰā·tî — male elephant

kə·sʰɔ̄·ɣɔ̂ — elephant herd

lìˀ·sʰɔ̄·rɛ̂ˀ — essay

lɔ̀·sʰɔ̄ — be different, be separate, be special

lɔ̀·sʰɔ̄·lòˀ — differ from each other

lɔ̀·sʰɔ̄·lòˀ·ʔə·θāˀ — differ from each other

lɔ̀·tô·lɔ̀·sʰɔ̄ — extraordinary

pàˀ·lɔ̀·sʰɔ̄ — put separately, set apart

sʰɔ̄·hîˀ·sʰɔ̄·xɔ̄ — establish a family (elaborate expression from hîˀ-xɔ̄)

sʰɔ̄·mô — hen

sʰɔ̄·wɛ̄ˀ·tâ — the chicken is scratching / chickens scratch (patient backgrounding with tâ)

sʰɔ̄·ɲâˀ — chicken meat

sʰɔ̄·ɲâˀ·kə·θū — chicken curry

sʰɔ̄·dîˀ — chicken egg

sʰɔ̄·tə·lɛ̄ — change (tr.)

sʰɔ̄·tə·lɛ̄·ʔə·θāˀ — change (intr.) (anticausative)

sʰɔ̄·ɲâˀ·kâˀ — grilled chicken

tə·sʰɔ̄ — one stage, one step

sʰə̂ˀ

mortar, mortarful (measure/classifier)

tâ·pʰə·rə̄·sʰə̂ˀ — present, gift

θêˀ·kʰôˀ·sʰə̂ˀ — tree stump

sʰə̄

wish to, hope to, long to (volitional modal verb)
in return, in response, reciprocate (verbal modifier
not independent)
be sweet
border, edge (in sʰə̄-kətɔ̂ 'time')

jə·sʰə̄·tɛ̀ˀ·lɔ̀ — I decided

jə·sʰə̄·tʰə̂ˀ — I stand

jə·ɣɛ̀·sʰə̄·tʰə̂ˀ — I get up (example 659)

kʰlɨ̄ˀ·sʰə̄·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·kə·tɔ̂ˀ — be up to date (elaborate expression)

kʰɔ̄·pʰlō·lə̄·sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̂·kʰɛ̄·ʔì·ʔə·mà·tâ — because he does that now (LTP.D)

nə·tə·ʔɛ̂ˀ·sʰə̄ — you don't love in return

pʰɛ̄·mū·kʰôˀ·sù·ʔə·sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̂ — when it rains (with sʰə̄.kətɔ̂)

sīˀ·sʰə̄·kè — reply, answer back

sīˀ·sʰə̄ — answer (v.)

sʰə̄·bɛ̄ — be tasty (verbal coordinate compound)

sʰə̄·dôˀ — chapter

sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̂ — time (coordinate compound that rarely splits)

sʰə̄·māˀ·bɛ̄·māˀ — very tasty (elaborate expression with intensifier māˀ)

sʰə̄·nê — send to (someone) (vs. sʰə̄ jà 'send me off')

sʰə̄·pʰō — verse

sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̀ — relator noun 'time' (common noun, less frequent as relator)

sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̂ — time (independent noun, relator noun)

sʰə̄·tɛ̀ˀ — decide

sʰə̄·tʰə̂ˀ — stand (posture verb used in concurrent action constructions)

tâ·sīˀ·sʰə̄ — answer (noun, nominalized verb)

tâ·sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̂ — time

tɛ̄·sʰə̄ — answer, respond

tɛ̄·sʰə̄·kè·wɛ̄·dâˀ — replied (with coreference marker)

ʔə·sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̂ — the time of (headed compound form)

ʔə·sʰə̄·ʔə·kə·tɔ̂ — the time of (rare elaborate form)

ʔə·sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̂ — its time, during, the time of, when

ʔɛ̂ˀ·sʰə̄ — love in return

θûˀ·wîˀ·θāˀ·sʰə̄ — sing (elaborate expression)

sʰɛ̄

set (a trap)

kɔ̄ˀ·lə̄·sʰɛ̄·tʰɨ̄ — call (this) 'setting a trap' (KWH)

sʰɛ̄ˀ

stab, inject, sting
continue (non-modal secondary verb
from Burmese sʰɛʔ 'connect, continue')
culture (in compounds)

bâˀ·sʰɛ̄ˀ — get stung

jə·sʰɛ̄ˀ·θī — I stabbed him/her dead (example 675)

lɔ̀·tî·lɔ̀·sʰɛ̄ˀ — be accurate, be correct

pə·tâ·sʰɛ̄ˀ·tâ·là — our culture

sʰɛ̄ˀ·kîˀ — tattoo (verb)

sʰɛ̄ˀ·θī — stab to death

sʰɛ̄ˀ·klōˀ — contact (v.)

sʰɛ̄ˀ·klōˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — contacted (with coreference marker)

tâ·sʰɛ̄ˀ·kə·θîˀ·dɔ̄·θə·də̄ — vaccination

tâ·sʰɛ̄ˀ·xàˀ — vaccination

tʰī·sʰɛ̄ˀ·mɛ̄ˀ·jwà — Hti Hseh Meh Ywa (place name)

sʰɣāˀ

avoid, feel embarrassed

mɛ̀ˀ·sʰɣāˀ — be shy, be ashamed

mɛ̀ˀ·sʰɣāˀ — be shy, be embarrassed

sʰɣī

holy (second element?)

lìˀ·sɔ̄·sʰɣī — Bible, holy book

lìˀ·sɔ̄·sʰɣī — Bible (book-holy)

sɔ̄·sʰɣī — be holy

sʰɣɔ̄

kə·sʰɣɔ̄ — be clean

kə·sʰɣɛ̄·kə·sʰɣɔ̄ — be very clean (elaborate variant of kəsʰɣɔ̄)

mà·kə·sʰɣɔ̄ — clean, make clean

tâ·kə·sʰɣɔ̄ — cleanliness

tə·pɔ̄·kə·sʰɣɔ̄ — not very clean

θē·kə·sʰɣɔ̄ — wash clean (example 684)

θē·xə̀·kə·sʰɣɔ̄ — wash clean

θē·xə̀·kə·sʰɣɔ̄·kwìˀ·dâˀ — wash clean away (example 680)

sʰɣə̄

send
lead, guide

lɛ̀·sʰɣə̄ — bring, take (to), send (e.g., to hospital)

sʰɣə̄·nê — send for

tâ·lɛ̀·sʰɣə̄·ʔə·wɛ̄·θêˀ·lə̄·tâ·sʰā·hîˀ — they have been taken to a hospital (agent backgrounding in news)

tə·sʰɣə̄ — collectivizer (variant)

sʰɣɛ̄

kə·sʰɣɛ̄·kə·sʰɣɔ̄ — be very clean (elaborate variant of kəsʰɣɔ̄)

sʰɣɛ̄ˀ

avoid (second element?)

hāˀ·sʰɣɛ̄ˀ — avoid

sʰɣɨ̂ˀ

wash (laundry)

tâ·sʰɣɨ̂ˀ — laundry

sʰɨ̄

pound, husk (rice)

sʰɨ̄·bɨ̄·jɔ̂·bɨ̄ — pounding rice (elaborate expression)

tà

mə·tà — who; what (short form of mətəɣà)

tà·θâˀ — fruit

tà·θū·tà·θâˀ — fruit (example 680)

tâ

thing (noun)
impersonal pronoun: one, something, someone
expletive 'it'
nominalizer: forms nouns from verbs or clauses (from tâ 'thing')
agent-demoting/patient-defocusing marker

bâˀ·tâ·mà·sʰûˀ·ʔɔ̀·lə̄·pɣà·pòˀ·kʰwâˀ·tə·ɣà — is attacked by a man (agent in oblique phrase)

bâˀ·tâ·mà·θī·ʔɔ̀ — be killed (P-promoting construction)

bâˀ·tâ·sîˀ·ɲɔ̂ˀ·ʔɔ̀ — be punished

bâˀ·tâ·xɨ̄·tʰîˀ·nê·ʔɔ̀·lə̄·pʰɨ̄·mɔ̂·tɔ̂ — were discovered by (agent in oblique phrase)

bâˀ·tâ·θêˀ·ɲā·pɣà — be known (as)

bâˀ·tâ·θôˀ·lō·ʔɔ̀ — be taught

bâˀ·tâ·θū·ʔɔ̀ — be used

dīˀ·θōˀ·kə·lɛ̀·mà·lō·tâ·lə̄·wê·pù — to go study in the city (purposive clause, Karen village)

dôˀ·tâ — looks, appearance

jə·kə·mà·tâ — I will work

jə·tâ — my thing, for me (with benefactive)

jə·tâ·dɛ̄ˀ·bāˀ — my sins (example 831)

jə·tâ·mà — my work

jə·tâ·ʔɛ̂ˀ·tɔ̄ — my boyfriend/girlfriend (lit., my true love)

kə·tɔ̀·tâ — speak, talk

kʰāˀ·tâ — shooting, shooter (shoot-thing)

kʰɔ̄·pʰlō·lə̄·sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̂·kʰɛ̄·ʔì·ʔə·mà·tâ — because he does that now (LTP.D)

lìˀ·tâ·plɛ̄ — permit (noun)

lə̄·pə·jɔ̀·kwɛ̄ˀ·wɛ̄·ʔə·tâ·sîˀ·sò·tɛ̄·sò — the chronicles written by the Burmese (prenominal RC)

lə̄·ʔə·wɛ̄·hɛ̄·pàˀ·pʰlā·tʰɔ̂ˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ·tâ·ɣê — the things that he mentioned (prenominal RC, Hpapun speaker)

lɛ̀·tâ — go off (on an errand), move (forward) (lɛ̀ with obligatory tâ)

mà·tâ — do, work, do something; non-elaborate correspondent of pʰīˀ-tâ-mà-tâ

mà·tâ — work (v.) (do-thing)

nə·môˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ·θāˀ·tâ — Do you want to eat something? (Kato 1993, experiencer as subject)

nə·tâ·tɛ̄·lòˀ·kwɛ̄ — your kidding (nominalized verb phrase) (example 594)

nə·tâ·ʔôˀ·mū — your life

nə·tâ·sʰō·kə·môˀ — your thoughts

nə·tâ·sʰō·kə·môˀ·lə̄·ʔə·bâˀ·xāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·tâ·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·θāˀ — your thoughts about that incident

nə·tâ·tòˀ·pàˀ — your plan

pə·tâ·θāˀ·kʰɨ̄ — our happiness

pə·tâ·θêˀ·ɲā — our knowledge

pə·tâ·kʰwɛ̄ˀ·tâ·jàˀ — our right

pə·tâ·pʰīˀ·tâ·mà — our work (example 723)

pə·tâ·sʰɛ̄ˀ·tâ·là — our culture

pə·tâ·tɛ̄·pū — our story

pə·tâ·ʔôˀ·sʰûˀ·ʔôˀ·kʰlē — our health

pə·tâ·ʔɔ̂ˀ — our food

pɣà·dō·tâ·ɣɔ̀·pʰō — photographer

pɣà·kə·wɛ̀·ʔɔ̂ˀ·tâ — people who catch fish with hand nets (relative clause without lə̄)

pɣà·mà·tâ·pʰō — worker

pɣà·mà·lō·tâ·pʰō — student

pɣà·xɨ̄·tʰîˀ·θêˀ·ɲā·tâ·pʰō — researcher

pɣà·ɣɛ̀·ʔɔ̂ˀ·tâ — cook (person who cooks)

pɣà·θāˀ·wîˀ·tâ·pʰō — singer

pɣà·kʰāˀ·tâ — shooter, gunman

pʰīˀ·tâ·mà·tâ — work (verb) (elaborate expression with noun tâ)

sʰɔ̄·wɛ̄ˀ·tâ — the chicken is scratching / chickens scratch (patient backgrounding with tâ)

tâ·bā — temple; religion

tâ·blē — it is slippery

tâ·bôˀ — package

tâ·bɣīˀ·jə·θāˀ — I am tired

tâ·dōˀ·tâ·lâˀ — leaf vegetables (parts of whole type coordinate compound)

tâ·hêˀ — gift

tâ·hɔ̂ˀ — crying (nominalized verb)

tâ·hɛ̄ — spicy food

tâ·kà·klɔ̂ — cattle trade

tâ·kô — heat (nominalized); it is hot (impersonal)

tâ·kwɛ̄ˀ — writing

tâ·kɔ̀·mè — fasting (nominalized verb phrase)

tâ·kə·dɨ̄·làˀ — shade, shaded area

tâ·kə·mûˀ — dust

tâ·kə·pɔ̀ — it is light (not dark)

tâ·kə·sʰɣɔ̄ — cleanliness

tâ·kə̂ˀ·jə·θāˀ — I am bored

tâ·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·θāˀ — incident, event

tâ·kʰīˀ — darkness (nominalized); it is dark (impersonal)

tâ·kʰlī — seed

tâ·kʰûˀ·tʰū — gold mining

tâ·lù·kʰāˀ·wɛ̄·θō·lêˀ — the car was being chased and shot at (agent backgrounding with tâ)

tâ·lə̄·jə·ʔɔ̂ˀ·ʔɔ̀·wîˀ — things that I like (to eat) (with resumptive pronoun ʔɔ̀)

tâ·lə̄·ʔə·ɣè — thing which is good

tâ·lɛ̀·sʰɣə̄·ʔə·wɛ̄·θêˀ·lə̄·tâ·sʰā·hîˀ — they have been taken to a hospital (agent backgrounding in news)

tâ·lɛ̀·tʰɔ̂ˀ·lɛ̀·tʰɔ̄ — development (nominalized verb)

tâ·lɨ̂·ʔɔ̂ˀ — making a living

tâ·mà·kʰɨ̄ˀ — upland field cultivation

tâ·mà·lō — studies, education, lesson (nominalized)

tâ·mà·lō·lìˀ — studying

tâ·mà·sə̀ — help (n.)

tâ·mī — sleep (noun, nominalized verb)

tâ·mī·mɔ̂ — dream

tâ·môˀ·kè·θāˀ — I want to go home

tâ·môˀ·lɨ̂·θāˀ·lə̄·dêˀ — they wanted to raise frogs

tâ·môˀ·mī·θāˀ — I am tired (N.Thailand construction)

tâ·môˀ·pɔ̂·jə·θāˀ·lə̄·tʰī — I want to swim (impersonal construction)

tâ·môˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ·jə·θāˀ·lə̄·mè — I want to eat (Kato 1993)

tâ·mɨ̀ˀ·tâ·kʰɨ̂ˀ — peace

tâ·nàˀ·nê·lɔ̀·θāˀ — confidence (nominalized reflexive verb)

tâ·nə̀ — horn

tâ·nə̄·ʔɨ̂ˀ — it smells bad

tâ·nɨ̀ˀ·lɔ̀·hɨ̂ˀ·tâ — burglary

tâ·pàˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·xôˀ·ʔə·θə·də̄·mɨ̂·tə·bêˀ — a hti (pagoda umbrella) is placed (non-topical patient, no bâˀ)

tâ·plì — be afraid (of things) (patient backgrounding with tâ)

tâ·plì·tâ·pʰɨ̄ˀ — fear

tâ·pə·lɔ̂·pə·dɔ̄·θāˀ — caution, carefulness

tâ·pʰāˀ·pʰɔ̄ — half thing? (banknote?)

tâ·pʰīˀ·tâ·mà — work (noun) (elaborate expression with nominalizer tâ)

tâ·pʰīˀ·tâ·ɲâˀ — meat (lit., skin things and meat things)

tâ·pʰə·rə̄·sʰə̂ˀ — present, gift

tâ·sīˀ·sʰə̄ — answer (noun, nominalized verb)

tâ·sù — it rains, it is raining

tâ·sù·kʰā — rainy season

tâ·sû·tâ·nàˀ — belief (nominal elaborate expression from sû-nàˀ)

tâ·sʰā·tâ — selling (things)

tâ·sʰā·tâ·pɣè — trade (noun) (cumulative type coordinate compound)

tâ·sʰā·ʔɔ̀ — he/she got sick (affectee as object, not reflexive)

tâ·sʰɛ̄ˀ·kə·θîˀ·dɔ̄·θə·də̄ — vaccination

tâ·sʰɛ̄ˀ·xàˀ — vaccination

tâ·tē·klɛ̄ — road construction

tâ·tòˀ·klɛ̀ — plan, project

tâ·tɔ̂·ʔɔ̀·kɔ̄ˀ·mɨ̂·nì·dɛ̄ˀ — he was beaten every day (agent backgrounding with tâ, written)

tâ·tə·pàˀ·θûˀ·pàˀ·θāˀ — not paying attention (negated nominalized verb)

tâ·tɛ̄·tâ — things said

tâ·tɛ̄·wɛ̄·dâˀ·tə·blɔ̄·nêˀ — once upon a time (lit., someone told once...) (story opening formula)

tâ·tʰā·tʰâˀ — weaving (action nominalization)

tâ·xê·mɣī·hāˀ·pʰlōˀ — fleeing

tâ·xī·tɨ̀ˀ·là·tɨ̀ˀ — perfection of beauty

tâ·ɣɛ̀·lòˀ·kwɛ̄ — sports

tâ·ɲâˀ — meat

tâ·ʔôˀ·mū — life (thing-live)

tâ·ʔôˀ·pʰɣôˀ — meeting (thing-be.gathered)

tâ·ʔɔ̂ˀ — food

tâ·ʔɔ̂ˀ·ʔôˀ·blɛ̂ˀ — left-over food (relative clause without lə̄, lexicalized)

tâ·ʔə·kê·ʔə·ɣɔ̀·dō — mould (for casting)

tâ·ʔə̄ — bad things, evil (nominalized)

tâ·ʔə̄·tâ·θɔ̄ — bad things (elaborate expression)

tâ·ʔɛ̂ˀ — love (noun, nominalized); beloved, loved one

tâ·ʔɛ̂ˀ·tɔ̄ — dating, romantic relationship

tâ·θâˀ·wì·ʔɔ̂ˀ·jə·θāˀ·lə̄·mè — I am hungry

tâ·θā·kʰɨ̄ — happiness

tâ·θāˀ·kʰɨ̄ — happiness

tâ·θāˀ·kʰɨ̄·kə·sɔ̂ˀ — good news

tâ·θāˀ·swī·kə·tɨ̀ — resilience

tâ·θāˀ·wîˀ — song (nominalized verb, thing V-ed)

tâ·θāˀ·wîˀ·tâ — singing (action nominalization with postverbal object)

tâ·θī — death (nominalized verb)

tâ·θôˀ·lō·tɔ̀ — class, lesson

tâ·θū·jə·θāˀ·lə̄·tʰī — I am thirsty

tâ·θə·jɨ̂·jə·θāˀ·lə̄·mô — I miss mother

tâ·bā — church service

tâ·blâˀ — thief

tâ·blɨ̄ˀ — benefit, thanks

tâ·blɨ̄ˀ·tâ·pʰɣôˀ — benefit (n.)

tâ·dōˀ·tâ·lâˀ — leaf vegetables, greens

tâ·də̄ — box

tâ·dɨ̄ˀ — fight (n.)

tâ·dɨ̄ˀ·sɛ̄ˀ·prɛ̄ˀ — skirmish, conflict (example 716)

tâ·dɨ̄ˀ·tâ·jà — war

tâ·hêˀ·kûˀ — advice

tâ·hɛ̄ — spicy things

tâ·kô·klā — in the heat

tâ·kwɛ̄ˀ — text, writing

tâ·kɔ̄·tâ·kʰɛ̄ — problem, difficulty, hardship

tâ·kə·dɨ̄ — shade

tâ·kə·dɨ̄·làˀ — shade, shaded area

tâ·kə·sɔ̂ˀ — news, story, information

tâ·kə·tò — word, phrase

tâ·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·θāˀ — incident, event

tâ·kʰīˀ — darkness

tâ·kʰlîˀ — coldness, temperature

tâ·kʰlī — seed

tâ·kʰlə̄ — outside

tâ·lɔ̂ — place

tâ·lɔ̂·lə̄·jə·pâ·ʔôˀ·wɛ̄ — the place where my father is

tâ·lɔ̂·lə̄·pʰɨ̄·θāˀ·pɣâ·mà·θī·tʰɔ̄ˀ·ʔə·lɔ̂ — the place where the old man killed the pig (Jones 1961)

tâ·lə̄ — as for, regarding

tâ·lɛ̀·kʰɔ̄·pʰlō — experience (noun)

tâ·mà — job, work (noun)

tâ·mà·bâˀ·xāˀ·tâ·mà·sə̀·pɣà·bâˀ·kɔ̄·bâˀ·kʰɛ̄ — work concerned with helping people in trouble (Jones 1961)

tâ·mà·sə̀ — help (noun) (from tâ 'thing' + mà 'do' + sə̀ 'help')

tâ·mɛ̀ˀ·ɲā — front (place in front)

tâ·mɨ̀ˀ — peace

tâ·mɨ̀ˀ·tâ·kʰɨ̂ˀ — peace (thing-pleasant-thing-cool)

tâ·nàˀ — faith

tâ·nā — demon, warlock (example 677)

tâ·nêˀ — that (demonstrative pronoun: thing-that)

tâ·plɛ̄ — permission

tâ·prə̄ — competition

tâ·pù — hole

tâ·pʰīˀ·tâ·mà — work (noun), job

tâ·pʰīˀ·tâ·ɲâˀ — meat (thing-skin-thing-meat)

tâ·pʰō·tâ·lì — material, property, belongings; animal

tâ·pʰō·xâ — insect, bug

tâ·rɛ̂ˀ·tâ·klɛ̀ — plan (n.)

tâ·sîˀ·sò·tɛ̄·sò — history, chronicles

tâ·sù·kʰā — rainy season

tâ·sù·kʰā·kə·tɔ̂·mê·wì — when the rainy season is over (news article)

tâ·sɨ̂ˀ·tâ·plâ — poison

tâ·sʰā — illness, sickness

tâ·sʰā·hîˀ — hospital

tâ·sʰā·θə·tròˀ — pandemic

tâ·sʰō·kə·môˀ — thought (n.)

tâ·sʰūˀ·tâ·sʰā — illness

tâ·sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̂ — time

tâ·tòˀ·pàˀ — plan (n.)

tâ·tɛ̄·pū — story

tâ·tʰûˀ·tâ·bō — plant, crop

tâ·xɨ̄·tʰə̄ — election

tâ·ɣê — topic, matter, thing

tâ·ɣê·kɔ̄ — problem

tâ·ɣê·tâ·klò — information, news, matter, affair

tâ·ɣê·tâ·klò·lə̄·ʔə·bâˀ·tʰwɛ̄·dɔ̄ˀ·pə·pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄·pʰō — information related to us Karen

tâ·ɣû·kʰā — winter

tâ·ɣɔ̀ — picture, photo

tâ·ɣɔ̀·mū — movie

tâ·ɲâˀ — meat (as food)

tâ·ɲâˀ·pà·mà·mī — this piece of meat was cooked (Ratanakul 1981, with pà)

tâ·ʔêˀ — faeces, excrement

tâ·ʔì — this (demonstrative pronoun: thing-this)

tâ·ʔôˀ·mū — life

tâ·ʔôˀ·pʰɣôˀ — meeting

tâ·ʔôˀ·θāˀ — situation, circumstance

tâ·ʔɔ̂ˀ — food, dish

tâ·ʔɔ̂ˀ·tâˀ·ʔɔ̄ — food

tâ·ʔə̂ˀ — cloud

tâ·ʔɛ̂ˀ — love (n.)

tâ·ʔɛ̂ˀ·tɔ̄ — true love, boyfriend/girlfriend

tâ·θāˀ·wîˀ — song (thing-sing)

tâ·θī·kwâˀ — question

tâ·sʰɣɨ̂ˀ — laundry

tâˀ·bôˀ·tâ — packing, wrapping (action)

tə·mà·tâ — didn't work

tɛ̄·tâ — tell, say something

tɛ̄·tâ·bâˀ·xāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·mə·hā·kə̀ˀ — talking about yesterday (noun omitted)

ʔè·sə·tâ — Esther (personal name)

ʔə·mà·tâ — they work

ʔə·tâ — their thing, their property, its thing, its work

ʔə·tâ·bâˀ·θûˀ·bâˀ·θāˀ — the will (of the citizens)

ʔə·tâ·kwɛ̄ˀ — his/her writings

ʔə·tâ·mà·sə̀ — his help

ʔə·tâ·mɨ̂·lâ — her hope (example 828)

ʔə·tâ·ʔɔ̂ˀ·tâˀ·ʔɔ̄ — their food and drink

ʔə·tâ·θāˀ·wîˀ — their song

ʔə·tâ·θôˀ·lō·nɛ̂ˀ·lō — (the ways) our parents taught us (elaborate expression)

ʔə·tâ·θûˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ·pʰlāˀ·ʔɔ̂ˀ — (way of) cultivation

ʔə·tâ·kʰlîˀ — its coldness, temperature

ʔə·tâ·sîˀ·sò·tɛ̄·sò — their history, chronicles

ʔə·tâ·ʔôˀ·θāˀ — its situation

ʔə·tâ·ʔɔ̂ˀ — its food

ʔə·tâ — he, him (third person pronoun, rare; from ʔə- + tâ 'thing')

θāˀ·wîˀ·tâ — sing (with generic object tâ)

tâˀ

tâ·ʔɔ̂ˀ·tâˀ·ʔɔ̄ — food

tâˀ·bôˀ — package, wrap (noun)

tâˀ·bôˀ·tâ — packing, wrapping (action)

tâˀ·ʔɔ̄ — drink (n.), beverage

ʔə·tâ·ʔɔ̂ˀ·tâˀ·ʔɔ̄ — their food and drink

tāˀ

ʔə·xō·θə·tāˀ — because, on account of (elaborate form of ʔəxō)

tè

cook (second element, only in compounds with pʰɔ̄)

pʰɔ̄·tè — cook (verbal coordinate compound; tè not independent)

pʰɔ̄·ʔɔ̂ˀ·tè·ʔɔ̂ˀ — cook for eating (elaborate expression from pʰɔ̄-tè)

tê

insert, put into
abandon, cast away (temporal-relational verbal modifier)
past tense marker
be left V-ed, remain V-ing
also indicates past situation, remote past, or perfect relevance

jə·kɛ̄·tê — I was (in the past)

kwɛ̄ˀ·tê — wrote (in the past)

lə̄·nə·pàˀ·tê·jà·ʔə·xō — because you left me (causal clause with lə̄ and xō)

lɛ̀·tê — have already gone

mà·tê — practice, do (over time)

nə·pàˀ·tê — you left (me)

pàˀ·tê — leave (tr.)

pàˀ·tê·kwìˀ — leave, abandon

pàˀ·tê — leave, abandon

tê·lɔ̀ — put in, insert

ʔôˀ·tê — stay, remain

ʔôˀ·tê·dīˀ — still remains

ʔôˀ·sʰōˀ·tê·pàˀ·sə̀·lī — had already lived (example 729)

tē

create, make, build

tâ·tē·klɛ̄ — road construction

tē·nê — build for (someone), create for (someone)

tē·tʰɔ̂ˀ — build, create (something new); tʰɔ̂ˀ indicates appearance of previously non-existent thing

tì

friend (in compounds, e.g., tì.θəkōˀ)

dɔ̄·tì — friend (first element of elaborate expression)

dɔ̄·tì·dɔ̄·θə·kōˀ — friends, companions (elaborate expression)

jə·tì·θə·kōˀ — my friend

pə·tì·θə·kōˀ — our friend

tì·θə·kōˀ — friend

tì·θə·kɔ̄ˀ — friend

θāˀ·θə·mū·tì·θə·kōˀ — soulmate

tìˀ

pinch
crowded (first element?)

kə·tìˀ·kə·tùˀ — be crowded (elaborate expression)

nɔ̂·tìˀ — clothes peg, tongs

ʔôˀ·kə·tìˀ·kə·tùˀ — be crowded, be crammed together

tî

male marker (in θâˀ.mī.ɲɔ̀-tî 'tom cat')
uncle (in pʰā.tî)
be accurate (second element)
pinch

bâˀ·tî — get pinched

jɔ̂·tî·xàˀ — hold fast by treading on

jə·pʰā·tî — my uncle

kə·sʰɔ̄·pʰā·tî — male elephant

lɔ̀·tî — be accurate, be exact

lɔ̀·tî·lɔ̀·sʰɛ̄ˀ — be accurate, be correct

pʰā·tî — uncle (formal term, title); male marker

pʰɨ̄·tî·θɔ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ — Hputee Thaung Htaut (personal name)

tɛ̄·lɔ̀·tî — say for sure, tell accurately

θâˀ·mī·ɲɔ̀·tî — tom cat, male cat

tī

uncle (familiar form)

tī·nō — Ti Noe (name)

tī·tī — uncle (familiar term of address, reduplicated)

tīˀ

tīˀ·tīˀ — exactly, (o'clock) sharp (reduplicated adverb)

tò

speak (root in kətò)

kə·tò — speak, talk

kə·tò·lō — practice speaking

kə·tò·sʰūˀ·kə·tò·sʰā·bâˀ — hurt verbally (elaborate expression)

kə·tò·ʔə̄·kə·tò·θɔ̄ — speak evil (of someone) (6-syllable elaborate expression)

nə·kə·kə·tò — you will speak

tâ·kə·tò — word, phrase

ɣɨ̀ˀ·kə·tò — try hard to speak, try to get a word in

tòˀ

nə·tâ·tòˀ·pàˀ — your plan

tâ·tòˀ·klɛ̀ — plan, project

tâ·tòˀ·pàˀ — plan (n.)

tòˀ·klɛ̀ — plan (v.)

tòˀ·pàˀ — plan (v.)

tô

pound (verb)
coin (in tô-tʰə̂ˀ 'wallet')

jə·tô·də̄ — my wallet

kō·sī·θâˀ·tô — pounded papaya salad

kō·tʃī·θâˀ·tô — pounded papaya salad

lɔ̀·tô·lɔ̀·sʰɔ̄ — extraordinary

nə·tô·də̄ — your wallet

tô·tʰə̂ˀ — wallet, purse

tô·də̄ — wallet

tô·nɔ̂ˀ·xàˀ — remember and keep in mind

tôˀ

classifier for small, round things (drops, seeds, beans, eyeballs)

tə·tôˀ — one drop

trâ

branch (elaborate partner)

ʔə·dē·ʔə·trâ — branches

tròˀ

tâ·sʰā·θə·tròˀ — pandemic

trɔ̀

tʰôˀ·θə·trɔ̀ — compare

trɔ̄

(second element of 'window')

jə·pɛ̄·trɔ̄ — my door

pɛ̄·trɔ̄ — window; door

pɣà·lə̄·ʔōˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·pɛ̄·trɔ̄ — the person who opened the window

trə̀

pə·trə̀ — praise

pə·trə̀·lɔ̀·ʔə·θāˀ — brag, praise oneself

sīˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·pə·trə̀ — praise

sīˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·pə·trə̀·lɔ̀ — praise oneself; lɔ̀ indicates orientation toward self

tu·yen — refrigerator (loanword)

tùˀ

crowded (second element?)

kə·tìˀ·kə·tùˀ — be crowded (elaborate expression)

ʔôˀ·kə·tìˀ·kə·tùˀ — be crowded, be crammed together

tû

suffer, endure, bear

mɛ̀·tû — eyebrow

mɛ̀ˀ·tû — eyebrow

pə·mɛ̀ˀ·tû — our eyebrows

tû·xɨ̀ˀ — suffer with

tû·bâˀ — suffer, endure

tû·bâˀ·kə·dā·kè — suffer in return, suffer consequences

tû·rêˀ·θâˀ — durian

tɔ̀

classifier for sections, grades at school, locations
be rich (elaborate partner of tʰūˀ)
prepare (second element in kətɛ̀ˀ.kətɔ̀)

jə·tə·tʰūˀ·tə·tɔ̀ — I am not rich (personal prefix precedes elaborate expression)

kə·tɔ̀ — preserve (first element)

kə·tɔ̀·kè — preserve, keep (verb)

kə·tɔ̀·tâ — speak, talk

kə·tɛ̀ˀ·kə·tɔ̀ — prepare, arrange

kə·tɛ̀ˀ·kə·tɔ̀·pàˀ·nə·θāˀ — prepare yourself (prototypical reflexive)

kə·tɛ̀ˀ·kə·tɔ̀·tʰɔ̂ˀ — prepare, get ready

kə·tɛ̀ˀ·kə·tɔ̀·xàˀ — arrange, prepare and leave in place

nə·kə·tɛ̀ˀ·kə·tɔ̀·pàˀ — you prepare (for later)

sɨ̄·tɔ̀ — arm

sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̀ — relator noun 'time' (common noun, less frequent as relator)

tâ·θôˀ·lō·tɔ̀ — class, lesson

tɔ̀·tʰɔ̄·tʃō — high school

tə·tɔ̀·tɔ̀ — somewhere, anywhere

tə·tʰūˀ·tə·tɔ̀ — not rich (elaborate expression with negative prefix on both components)

ʔā·pù·ʔā·tɔ̀ — many places

ʔôˀ·kə·tɛ̀ˀ·kə·tɔ̀·tʰɔ̂ˀ — are prepared

ʔôˀ·kə·tɛ̀ˀ·kə·tɔ̀·tʰɔ̂ˀ·ʔə·θāˀ — be prepared (resulting state)

tɔ̂

beat, hit
Taw (part of personal name)

bâˀ·tâ·xɨ̄·tʰîˀ·nê·ʔɔ̀·lə̄·pʰɨ̄·mɔ̂·tɔ̂ — were discovered by (agent in oblique phrase)

jə·tə·tɔ̂ — I won't beat

jə·ʔôˀ·tɔ̂ — I stayed

kə·tɔ̂ — juncture, time (second element in sʰə̄-kətɔ̂); period, season

kʰɔ̄·pʰlō·lə̄·sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̂·kʰɛ̄·ʔì·ʔə·mà·tâ — because he does that now (LTP.D)

pɣà·tɔ̂·ʔɔ̀·kɔ̄ˀ·mɨ̂·nì·dɛ̄ˀ — he was beaten every day (agent backgrounding with pɣà, colloquial)

pʰɛ̄·mū·kʰôˀ·sù·ʔə·sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̂ — when it rains (with sʰə̄.kətɔ̂)

pʰɨ̄·mɔ̂·tɔ̂ — Old Maw Taw (legend character)

sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̂ — time (coordinate compound that rarely splits)

sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̂ — time (independent noun, relator noun)

tâ·tɔ̂·ʔɔ̀·kɔ̄ˀ·mɨ̂·nì·dɛ̄ˀ — he was beaten every day (agent backgrounding with tâ, written)

tâ·sù·kʰā·kə·tɔ̂·mê·wì — when the rainy season is over (news article)

tâ·sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̂ — time

tɔ̂·θī — beat to death, beat to kill (switch-subject cause-effect compound)

ʔə·sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̂ — the time of (headed compound form)

ʔə·sʰə̄·ʔə·kə·tɔ̂ — the time of (rare elaborate form)

ʔə·sʰə̄·kə·tɔ̂ — its time, during, the time of, when

tɔ̂ˀ

thickness

kʰlɨ̄ˀ·sʰə̄·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·kə·tɔ̂ˀ — be up to date (elaborate expression)

tɔ̄

be true, be real
carry on head
Taw (in place name)

jə·tâ·ʔɛ̂ˀ·tɔ̄ — my boyfriend/girlfriend (lit., my true love)

mê·tɔ̄ — be true (coordinate compound)

pʰlā·lə̄·tə·tɔ̄·tə·lò·bâˀ — it seemed that (they) weren't honest

tâ·ʔɛ̂ˀ·tɔ̄ — dating, romantic relationship

tâ·ʔɛ̂ˀ·tɔ̄ — true love, boyfriend/girlfriend

tɔ̄·ʔū — Taungoo (place name)

tɔ̄·ʔū·kɔ̂·rêˀ — Taw Oo District (place name)

tə·tɔ̄·tə·lò — dishonest, not straightforward (lexicalized compound)

ʔə·mê·ʔə·tɔ̄ — true, truth (elaborate expression)

θûˀ·tɔ̄·θāˀ·lò — be honest (elaborate expression combining two compounds)

tə

one (numeral, filler pause)

bâˀ·tâ·mà·sʰûˀ·ʔɔ̀·lə̄·pɣà·pòˀ·kʰwâˀ·tə·ɣà — is attacked by a man (agent in oblique phrase)

bâˀ·tə·sɛ̄ˀ — a bit cheaper

bâˀ·tə·bâˀ — maybe (epistemic adverb)

dī·θōˀ·ʔə·θɨ̄·tə·θū·klɛ̄ — so that they would not use the road (News article, with təɣè final particle)

dīˀ·jə·mê·pâ·tə·ɣà·ʔə·θōˀ — as a father (Vlog, copula clause instead of NP possessor of θōˀ)

dīˀ·pə·kwɛ̄ˀ·pə·pʰāˀ·ʔɔ̀·lə̄·mɨ̂·mə·sʰā·tə·nì·ʔì·ʔə·θōˀ — as we read and write them today (Karen nationalism, similative clause modifying NP)

dôˀ·tə·sɛ̄ˀ — a little bigger (comparative without explicit standard)

jə·tə·bâˀ·θûˀ·bâˀ·θāˀ — I am not pleased with you (Malachi 1:10, 1992 translation) (example 563)

jə·tə·kɛ̄ — I am not

jə·tə·lɛ̀ — I don't go, I won't go, I'm not going

jə·tə·mà — I don't do

jə·tə·nâ·hū — I can't hear

jə·tə·nâ·pə̂ — I don't understand

jə·tə·plɛ̄ — I won't let

jə·tə·plɛ̄·lɛ̀ — I won't let go

jə·tə·tɔ̂ — I won't beat

jə·tə·tʰîˀ — I didn't see

jə·tə·tʰūˀ·tə·tɔ̀ — I am not rich (personal prefix precedes elaborate expression)

jə·tə·ʔōˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·xàˀ — I didn't open

jə·tə·ʔɔ̂ˀ — I don't eat / I won't eat (ambiguous)

jə·tə·ʔɛ̂ˀ·dōˀ — I don't want

jə·tə·θāˀ·hē·jɛ̄ — I do not hate

jə·tə·θêˀ·ɲā — I don't know

jə·tə·kʰwā — my cousin

kô·tə·lə̄ — too hot

kwâ·tə·rīˀ — look around (example 784)

kɔ̂·dɔ̄·tə·bêˀ — throughout the whole country

kə·sʰɔ̄·tə·lɛ̄ — will change

kʰɛ̄·tə·sʰêˀ — day after tomorrow

kʰɛ̄·kə̀ˀ·tə·lā — next month

lè·tə·kè — at all

lɛ̀·tə·rīˀ — go around

mà·lō·nê·tə·nîˀ·lī — have studied for one year (persistent situation)

mê·lə̄·mè·tə·jə̄·bâˀ — because there's not enough rice (HUR, interchangeable with kʰɔ̄.pʰlō.lə̄)

mē·tə·mê — or (alternative conjunction; lit., 'if not so')

mē·tə·mê·bâˀ — or (with negative particle)

mə·hā·tə·nîˀ — last year

mə·tə·ɣà — who (content question word)

nāˀ·tə·lə̄ — too many, too severe

nɔ̂ˀ·tə·jâ — flag

nɔ̄·tə·dɨ̄ — none

nɔ̄·tə·blɔ̄ — never (lit., extent one-time)

nɔ̄·tə·pù — anywhere (extent + one-CLF(place))

nɔ̄·tə·ɣà — nobody (extent + one-CLF(HUM))

nə·mê·tə·lɛ̀·bâˀ — if you don't go (negative conditional, Ballard 1973a)

nə·mê·tə·θêˀ·ɲā·sʰō·bâˀ·nêˀ — if you hadn't known from before (counterfactual, Vlog)

nə·tə·hêˀ — you don't give

nə·tə·lɛ̀ — you don't go

nə·tə·mà·kə·dɔ̄ˀ·lə̀ — you won't do again

nə·tə·pə·lɔ̂·θāˀ — you don't expect (lit., don't pay attention)

nə·tə·ʔɛ̂ˀ — you don't love

nə·tə·ʔɛ̂ˀ·sʰə̄ — you don't love in return

nə·tə·bâˀ — you must not

pə·tə·krə̄ˀ — we should not (example 559)

pə·tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·nê — we didn't catch up with

pə·tə·lôˀ — we don't need to

pə·tə·ʔɔ̄·bâˀ — we will not drink

pə·tə·ʔɛ̂ˀ·dōˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — we don't want (with coreference marker)

pɣà·tə·mwì — guest

pʰīˀ·tə·kɛ̄·mà·tə·kɛ̄ — is unable to work (6-syllable elaborate expression with negation)

pʰlā·lə̄·tə·tɔ̄·tə·lò·bâˀ — it seemed that (they) weren't honest

pʰɛ̄·jə·ʔôˀ·tə·sʰûˀ·bâˀ·ʔə·kʰā — when I am sick (temporal clause with negated verb)

sɔ̄·tə·lô·pâ — go-between

sʰīˀ·tə·sɛ̄ˀ — a bit small (sometimes too small)

sʰō·sʰō·tə·lə̄ — too early

sʰɔ̄·tə·lɛ̄ — change (tr.)

sʰɔ̄·tə·lɛ̄·ʔə·θāˀ — change (intr.) (anticausative)

tâ·pàˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·xôˀ·ʔə·θə·də̄·mɨ̂·tə·bêˀ — a hti (pagoda umbrella) is placed (non-topical patient, no bâˀ)

tâ·tə·pàˀ·θûˀ·pàˀ·θāˀ — not paying attention (negated nominalized verb)

tâ·tɛ̄·wɛ̄·dâˀ·tə·blɔ̄·nêˀ — once upon a time (lit., someone told once...) (story opening formula)

tə — negative prefix (obligatory on verbs in negative contexts); one (numeral prefix; form of tə̄ before classifiers)

tə·V·bâˀ — discontinuous negation (double negation) construction

tə·V·lə̀·bâˀ — no longer V (with lə̀)

tə·V·tə·θē — cannot not V (double negative making positive)

tə·V·ɦā — negative question (bâˀ optional before question particles)

tə·V·ʔā·ʔā — not very V (construction)

tə·bâˀ — not be correct, incorrect; cannot correctly, not be able to (verb of possibility); doesn't matter, doesn't happen

tə·bâˀ·dīˀ — cannot yet

tə·bâˀ·ʔā·ʔā — not very well, not very correctly

tə·bêˀ — one (classifier for flat objects)

tə·bêˀ·bêˀ — some/any (flat objects)

tə·blɔ̄ — once, one time

tə·blɔ̄·xɔ̄ — at once, immediately

tə·blɛ̄ — not have enough, not be full

tə·bō — one (classifier for long objects, rivers, lines)

tə·bō·bō — some (reduplicated classifier)

tə·bûˀ — do not dare, don't dare, didn't dare

tə·bɛ̄ — not tasty, don't like

tə·dīˀ — is not like

tə·dīˀ·θōˀ — are not similar to

tə·dīˀ·θōˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·tʃɔ̂ˀ·tɛ̀ˀ — (don't) speak like (central) Thai (Ballard 1973c)

tə·dôˀ·tə·sʰīˀ — be medium-sized (cumulative type elaborate expression with negation)

tə·dûˀ — one tribe

tə·dɨ̄ — one (classifier for animals, animate non-human referents)

tə·dɨ̄ˀ·tɛ̄ — were not allowed to speak

tə·dɨ̄ˀ·ʔôˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — does not cause

tə·hāˀ·ɣɔ̀ — won't break, won't be destroyed

tə·hɛ̄ — isn't coming

tə·hɛ̄·kè·pə̂·tʰɔ̂ˀ — had not come back out

tə·jì — not far

tə·jì·ʔā·ʔā — not very far

tə·jìˀ — not long (of life)

tə·jìˀ·dīˀ·bâˀ — not long yet

tə·jə̄ — not be enough

tə·jɨ̂ — one (tune/song)

tə·kāˀ·dīˀ·bâˀ — additionally, not only that

tə·kō — one bottle

tə·krə̄ˀ — shouldn't (in complement clause)

tə·kùˀ — one piece (cloth)

tə·kwɛ̄ˀ — doesn't write

tə·kɔ̄ — not difficult

tə·kə·lɨ̀ˀ — one kind, any kind, a kind of people

tə·kə·pà — one side

tə·kɛ̄ — cannot, not able to (negative + ability verb)

tə·kʰā — one (classifier for abstract things, pieces, items)

tə·kʰā·kʰā — some

tə·kʰlē — not fast

tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ — before (clause-complement-taking verb)

tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·dīˀ·lə̄·nə·tɨ̀·wɛ̄·dâˀ·dīˀ·bâˀ — before you have reached your goals yet (Vlog)

tə·kʰôˀ — one pair (e.g., shoes); one (classifier for cars, vehicles)

tə·kʰwāˀ — one cup

tə·kʰɔ̄ — one side

tə·lôˀ — don't need to; one lump (classifier phrase)

tə·lôˀ·lə̄·pə·lɛ̀·mà·xɨ̀ˀ — we don't need to go have dealings with (them) (with complement)

tə·lɔ̂ — one field

tə·lɛ̀ — don't go, didn't go

tə·mà — not do

tə·mà·kə·mâˀ — not do wrong things

tə·mà·tâ — didn't work

tə·mê — not true, it is not the case, is not (cleft negation)

tə·mê·lə̀·wɛ̄·dâˀ — was no longer (the case)

tə·mê·lə̄ — it is not the case that (cleft negation with complementizer)

tə·mê·wɛ̄·dâˀ — was no longer

tə·mì — one kind, one thing, anything, something

tə·mì·mì — whatever, anything, something (reduplicated)

tə·môˀ — not want to (negative desiderative)

tə·môˀ·kè — don't want to return

tə·mɨ̀ˀ — not enjoyable

tə·nà — one night

tə·nâˀ·rîˀ — one hour

tə·nê — cannot, was not able to

tə·nê·dīˀ — not yet able

tə·nì — one day

tə·nì·ɲā·ʔì — today

tə·nîˀ — one year

tə·nwī — one week

tə·pàˀ·θêˀ·ɲā — pretended not to know

tə·pàˀ·θêˀ·ɲā·ʔə·θāˀ — pretend not to know (Jones 1961)

tə·plâ — one cubit

tə·plɛ̄·lɛ̀·nà — not let you go (complement-clause-taking verb)

tə·plɛ̄·nə·lɛ̀ — not let you go (verb-verb compound, colloquial)

tə·pù — one (place)

tə·pù·xɔ̄ — together

tə·pûˀ — one pile

tə·pɛ̄ — one puddle/stain

tə·pɣɛ̀ — not full, cannot

tə·pʰjɛ̄ˀ — not clever

tə·pʰlə̂ˀ — one (classifier for round/three-dimensional objects)

tə·pʰɣī — not be light (of heart) = not feel well

tə·pʰɨ̄ — one group

tə·sāˀ·ʔɛ̂ˀ — will not ask to be boyfriend/girlfriend

tə·sô — a while, a moment

tə·sô·pʰō — a little while

tə·sûˀ — one pair

tə·sɛ̄ˀ — a bit

tə·sɛ̄ˀ·pʰō — a little bit

tə·sɨ̄ — once, one time

tə·sɨ̄·mɨ̂·dôˀ — one inch

tə·sʰêˀ·nɔ̀ — don't sit

tə·sʰō — one (classifier for ladders, pairs in N.Thailand)

tə·sʰûˀ — not strong, unwell, be sick

tə·sʰɔ̄ — one stage, one step

tə·tɔ̀·tɔ̀ — somewhere, anywhere

tə·tɔ̄·tə·lò — dishonest, not straightforward (lexicalized compound)

tə·tʰîˀ·bū·ʔɔ̀·nɔ̄·tə·blɔ̄·bâˀ — have never seen him (experiential negative with nɔ̄)

tə·tʰûˀ — one trunk (tree classifier)

tə·tʰûˀ·xɔ̄ — the same trunk

tə·tʰūˀ·tə·tɔ̀ — not rich (elaborate expression with negative prefix on both components)

tə·wì — doesn't finish

tə·wì·dīˀ·bâˀ — haven't finished yet

tə·ɣà — one (classifier for humans); a person, alone

tə·ɣà·tə·ɣà — each one (human)

tə·ɣè — not good, bad, unlucky (narrow scope negation)

tə·ɣè·bâˀ·kə·tə̂ — worst (superlative of negative)

tə·ɣè·tə·wā — not good (A-B-A-C elaborate expression with negative prefix)

tə·ɣè·tʰɔ̂ˀ — not get better, not improve

tə·ɲɔ̄ — is not easy

tə·ʔôˀ — there is not, does not exist, there were not

tə·ʔôˀ·nê — there is no benefit for

tə·ʔôˀ·tə·sʰōˀ — doesn't live, don't live (elaborate expression with negative prefix)

tə·θāˀ — doesn't itch

tə·θāˀ·hē — not hate

tə·θāˀ·pè·nɔ̂ˀ — not forget

tə·θêˀ·pʰāˀ — didn't break

tə·θêˀ·ɲā — doesn't know, don't know

tə·θêˀ·ɲā·dīˀ — don't know yet

tə·θêˀ·ɲā·kʰlɨ̄ˀ — didn't notice, didn't know in time

tə·θêˀ·ɲā·sʰō — didn't know before

tə·θē — cannot, not be able to

tə·θē·kâ — I guess not (bâˀ absent before probability particle)

tə·θī·lā·tə·ʔɨ̂ˀ·dīˀ·bâˀ — the sun isn't dead; the moon hasn't rotted yet (proverb: there's still time)

tə·θū — not use

tə·θɔ̄ — one day

tə·mì·mì — something (one-kind(RDP))

tə·bâˀ — preventive/prohibitive marker: must not, don't; also non-necessitive meaning 'not have to' (N.Thailand varieties)

tə·blɔ̄ — once, one time (temporal particle)

tə·blɔ̄·blɔ̄ — sometimes (example 685)

tə·blɔ̄·tə·kʰɔ̂ˀ — sometimes

tə·blɨ̄ˀ — several, quite a few (typically smaller number than ʔā)

tə·bō·tə·bō — each one (long object)

tə·bɔ̄ — once (regional variant of təblɔ̄)

tə·dɔ̄·sō — ridgepole (top of roof)

tə·jāˀ — estimate

tə·kāˀ·bâˀ — not only

tə·kê — optative final particle; a bit (comparative marker in older sources); fossilized classifier phrase

tə·klāˀ — collectivizer (variant)

tə·kû·θêˀ — plural marker (regional) (example 834)

tə·kûˀ — Yangon

tə·kûˀ·θêˀ — collective plural (variant?)

tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ — before, not yet (lit., not having reached); takes complement clause

tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·dīˀ·lə̄ — before (with continuative dīˀ)

tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·jə·hɛ̄·dīˀ·bâˀ·ʔə·kʰā — before I came here (with optional components omitted)

tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·lə̄·jə·ʔɔ̂ˀ·mè·nêˀ·jə·ʔɔ̄·sʰō·tʰī — before I eat, I first drink water (with sʰō 'first')

tə·kʰūˀ — lizard

tə·kʰūˀ·ɲâˀ — lizard meat

tə·kʰwā — cousin

tə·kʰwɛ̄ — fish (v.)

tə·kʰwɛ̄·bō — fishing rod

tə·kʰwɛ̄·ʔɔ̂ˀ — fish (v.)

tə·kʰɔ̄ — contrastive particle: instead, ahead, contrary

tə·lôˀ — need not, not necessary to (negative modal); occurs as modal verb directly followed by head verb or in təlôˀ lə̄ construction

tə·lə̀ — Mon people

tə·lə̄ — exceed, too much (excessive degree marker following descriptive verb)

tə·lɛ̄ — change (second element?)

tə·mlàˀ — robber (example 830)

tə·mlàˀ·nê — rob, plunder

tə·mlâ — rob (v.)

tə·mwì — guest (second element)

tə·nì·ɲā·ʔì — today

tə·nì·ʔì — today

tə·nɔ̀ — some (quantifier)

tə·nɔ̀·nɔ̀ — some (reduplicated)

tə·nɔ̀·nɔ̀ — some (reduplicated form, often with existential clauses)

tə·pù — one place (classifier for places)

tə·pɔ̄ — not very (Northern Thailand variety)

tə·pɔ̄·kə·sʰɣɔ̄ — not very clean

tə·pɣɔ̀ˀ — bush

tə·pʰâˀ — collectivizer, collective marker (fossilized classifier phrase with tə- 'one' + defective classifier pʰâˀ); indicates plural reference

tə·rīˀ — turn around, circle (directional verb)

tə·rīˀ·kè — turn back, decide

tə·rīˀ·ʔə·θāˀ — rotate (intr.) (anticausative)

tə·rūˀ — Chinese person

tə·rūˀ·kɔ̂ — China

tə·rə̄ — collectivizer (variant of təpʰâˀ)

tə·sô — a while

tə·sɛ̄ˀ — a bit, a little (from tə- 'one' + sɛ̄ˀ 'bit'); expresses excessive degree or comparative

tə·sɨ̄ — once, one time, as soon as (temporal particle)

tə·sʰɣə̄ — collectivizer (variant)

tə·tôˀ — one drop

tə·ɣà — one person, a (classifier for humans)

tə·ɣè — negative optative final particle

tə·ɣɔ̀·ʔì — this morning

tə·ʔū — collectivizer (variant)

tɨ̀·ʔə·pâ·plâ·lɔ̀·kè·ʔɔ̀·tə·sɨ̄ — when his father released him (Saw Kay)

tɨ̀·mê·klôˀ·ʔə·kê·ʔə·ɣɔ̀·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·tə·sɨ̄ — once the drum-casting mould has been formed (Karen drum)

tʰɔ̄·tə·sɛ̄ˀ — a bit long (sometimes too long)

wê·tə·kûˀ — Yangon

ʔā·tə·kê — mostly, for the most part

ʔə·tə·hāˀ·ɣɔ̀ — it won't break

ʔə·tə·kʰə̂ˀ·sāˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — it doesn't represent

ʔə·tə·mà·lō·nàˀ·ɣè — even though he hasn't studied

ʔə·tə·mê·wɛ̄·dâˀ — it is not true (with coreference marker)

ʔə·tə·ʔɔ̂ˀ — he/she doesn't eat, they don't eat

ʔə·tə·θêˀ·ɲā — they don't know

ʔə·tʰûˀ·mê·tə·ʔôˀ·ʔā·bâˀ·sʰâˀ — although there were not many plants (Moon rabbit, with mê)

ʔə·pù·kwìˀ·tə·lā — last month

θêˀ·tə·pʰâˀ — plural collective marker

θêˀ·ɲā·lòˀ·nə·θāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·pɣà·tə·ɣà — you and that person know each other (with dɔ̄ˀ for singular subject)

tə̀

nɔ̂ˀ·tə̀ — spoon

nɔ̂ˀ·tə̀·pʰō — small spoon, teaspoon

tə̂

dôˀ·kə·tə̂ — biggest

kə·tə̂ — end, finish (intransitive verb); superlative marker (immediately follows descriptive verb)

kə·tə̂·wɛ̄·dâˀ — ends (with coreference marker)

kʰɔ̂ˀ·tʰīˀ·kə·tə̂ — first (superlative)

lɛ̂·kə·tə̂ — widest, biggest

mɨ̀ˀ·kə·tə̂ — most enjoyable

rē·dôˀ·kə·tə̂ — most important, extremely important

sʰā·kə·tə̂ — most (harmful), the most

tə·ɣè·bâˀ·kə·tə̂ — worst (superlative of negative)

tə̂·θɨ̂ˀ·dîˀ — weaver ant eggs (a delicacy)

xī·là·kə·tə̂ — most beautiful

ɣè·kə·tə̂ — best

ɲā·bɔ̂ˀ·kə·tə̂ — youngest

ʔə·dôˀ·kə·tə̂ — biggest

ʔə·lɛ̂·kə·tə̂ — widest

ʔə·sɣà·kə·tə̂ — at least

ʔə·sʰō·kə·tə̂ — first (lit., its earliest)

ʔə·ɣè·kə·tə̂ — best (superlative)

θə·pɣâ·kə·tə̂ — really, definitely

θə·pɣâ·tə̂ — really, truly, definitely, actually

tə̂ˀ

pillar

nə·pʰɔ̄·tə̂ˀ — your goal

pʰɔ̄·tə̂ˀ — goal, target

tə̄

one (numeral
realized as prefix tə- when followed by classifier)

tə̄·tə̄ — first (reduplicated)

tɛ̀

kə·tɛ̀·pʰāˀ — will crack

sîˀ·tɛ̀·tɛ̄·lɔ̀ — preach

tɛ̀·pʰāˀ — crack

tɛ̀ˀ

fall (verb root)
prepare (first element in kətɛ̀ˀ.kətɔ̀)
decide (second element?)

jə·sʰə̄·tɛ̀ˀ·lɔ̀ — I decided

kɔ̂·tʃɔ̂ˀ·tɛ̀ˀ — Thailand

kə·tɛ̀ˀ·kə·tɔ̀ — prepare, arrange

kə·tɛ̀ˀ·kə·tɔ̀·pàˀ·nə·θāˀ — prepare yourself (prototypical reflexive)

kə·tɛ̀ˀ·kə·tɔ̀·tʰɔ̂ˀ — prepare, get ready

kə·tɛ̀ˀ·kə·tɔ̀·xàˀ — arrange, prepare and leave in place

lɔ̀·tɛ̀ˀ — fall, fall off, fall down

lɔ̀·tɛ̀ˀ·bâˀ — fall (unexpectedly, accidentally) - non-volitional event

lɔ̀·tɛ̀ˀ·θī — fall and die

nə·kə·tɛ̀ˀ·kə·tɔ̀·pàˀ — you prepare (for later)

sʰə̄·tɛ̀ˀ — decide

tə·dīˀ·θōˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·tʃɔ̂ˀ·tɛ̀ˀ — (don't) speak like (central) Thai (Ballard 1973c)

tʃɔ̂ˀ·tɛ̀ˀ — Central Thai person

tʃɔ̂ˀ·tɛ̀ˀ·klòˀ — Thai language

ʔôˀ·kə·tɛ̀ˀ·kə·tɔ̀·tʰɔ̂ˀ — are prepared

ʔôˀ·kə·tɛ̀ˀ·kə·tɔ̀·tʰɔ̂ˀ·ʔə·θāˀ — be prepared (resulting state)

tɛ̄

say, tell

dɨ̄ˀ·tɛ̄ — let speak, allow to say

jə·tɛ̄ — I say, I tell, I remember

jə·tɛ̄·bâˀ — I told (her)

lə̄·pə·jɔ̀·kwɛ̄ˀ·wɛ̄·ʔə·tâ·sîˀ·sò·tɛ̄·sò — the chronicles written by the Burmese (prenominal RC)

nə·tâ·tɛ̄·lòˀ·kwɛ̄ — your kidding (nominalized verb phrase) (example 594)

nə·tɛ̄ — you speak

pə·tâ·tɛ̄·pū — our story

sîˀ·tɛ̀·tɛ̄·lɔ̀ — preach

tâ·tɛ̄·tâ — things said

tâ·tɛ̄·wɛ̄·dâˀ·tə·blɔ̄·nêˀ — once upon a time (lit., someone told once...) (story opening formula)

tâ·sîˀ·sò·tɛ̄·sò — history, chronicles

tâ·tɛ̄·pū — story

tə·dɨ̄ˀ·tɛ̄ — were not allowed to speak

tɛ̄·bâˀ — tell, say (with implication of informing about something the hearer didn't know)

tɛ̄·bâˀ·ʔɔ̀·lə̄ — tell him that (direct quote complement)

tɛ̄·klòˀ·tʰī·sə̀ — help translate

tɛ̄·lîˀ·tɛ̄·lɔ̄ — tell lies (partial reduplication type elaborate expression); lie, speak untruthfully (elaborate expression from lîˀ-lɔ̄)

tɛ̄·lòˀ·kwɛ̄ — joke (v.) (descriptive compound) (example 648c)

tɛ̄·lɔ̀·tî — say for sure, tell accurately

tɛ̄·nê — tell about

tɛ̄·nɔ̂ˀ — remind (by telling)

tɛ̄·pjāˀ — explain, tell about

tɛ̄·pjāˀ·ɣɨ̀ — explain to (someone) (with assistance marker)

tɛ̄·plì — threaten (purposive cause-effect compound) (example 648b)

tɛ̄·pòˀ·tʰwɛ̄ — say after (example 669)

tɛ̄·sʰā·bâˀ — say something hurtful to (mental affectedness)

tɛ̄·sʰə̄ — answer, respond

tɛ̄·sʰə̄·kè·wɛ̄·dâˀ — replied (with coreference marker)

tɛ̄·tâ — tell, say something

tɛ̄·tâ·bâˀ·xāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·mə·hā·kə̀ˀ — talking about yesterday (noun omitted)

tɛ̄·θē — be good at talking

tɛ̄·wɛ̄ — says, said (with coreference marker)

tɛ̄·wɛ̄·dâˀ — (someone) tells, told (with coreference marker)

ɣɨ̀ˀ·tɛ̄·θə·kōˀ — negotiate

ʔə·tâ·sîˀ·sò·tɛ̄·sò — their history, chronicles

tɨ̀

arrive, reach
until, when (temporal adverbializer from verb 'arrive')

hɛ̄·tɨ̀ — arrive

jə·lɛ̀·tɨ̀ — I went to

lɛ̀·tɨ̀ — go and arrive

nə·hɛ̄·tɨ̀ — you arrived

nə·kè·tɨ̀ — you arrive back

nə·kə·tɨ̀ — you will reach

tâ·θāˀ·swī·kə·tɨ̀ — resilience

tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·dīˀ·lə̄·nə·tɨ̀·wɛ̄·dâˀ·dīˀ·bâˀ — before you have reached your goals yet (Vlog)

tɨ̀·lə̄ — to, until (preposition with time expressions)

tɨ̀·pɣà·ʔɔ̂ˀ·mè·wì·nêˀ — when people have finished eating (Ballard 1973b)

tɨ̀·tʰɔ̂ˀ — arrive up, reach the top

tɨ̀·xɔ̀·kə·dɔ̄ˀ — arrive again, then (example 788)

tɨ̀·ʔə·pâ·plâ·lɔ̀·kè·ʔɔ̀·tə·sɨ̄ — when his father released him (Saw Kay)

tɨ̀·lə̄ — until, to (preposition; from tɨ̀ 'arrive' + lə̄ GNR.P); when (temporal)

tɨ̀·lə̄·nə·θāˀ·mī·māˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·nə·kə·hāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — only when you're satisfied you will leave (Karen sermon)

tɨ̀·mê — when (stressing specific anticipated moment; from tɨ̀ + mê)

tɨ̀·mê·klôˀ·ʔə·kê·ʔə·ɣɔ̀·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·tə·sɨ̄ — once the drum-casting mould has been formed (Karen drum)

θāˀ·swī·kə·tɨ̀ — be resilient

tɨ̀ˀ

end, stop (intransitive)
superlative marker (in older sources)

dôˀ·tɨ̀ˀ·kʰôˀ·pɣɛ̀ — be full-grown, mature (elaborate expression)

mà·pə·tɨ̀ˀ — stop (tr.), make stop

pə·tɨ̀ˀ — stop (tr.)

pə·tɨ̀ˀ·ʔə·θāˀ — come to a stop (anticausative)

tâ·xī·tɨ̀ˀ·là·tɨ̀ˀ — perfection of beauty

xī·tɨ̀ˀ·là·tɨ̀ˀ — perfection of beauty (elaborate expression)

tʃā

tʃā·ʔì — like this (variant of dīˀ.ʔì)

tʃā·ʔì — like this

tʃāˀ

kyat (Myanmar currency)

tʃī

kō·tʃī·θâˀ·tô — pounded papaya salad

mjɛ̂ˀ·tʃī·ŋûˀ — Myaing Gyi Ngu (place/person name)

tʃō

school

jə·tʃō·θə·râˀ — my schoolteacher (headed compound with single possessive prefix)

nə·mê·pʰlō·tʰɔ̂ˀ·tʃō·wì — after you have graduated (when with certainty, HUR)

pə·tʃō — our school

pɣà·tʃō·pʰō — student

pʰlō·tʃō — graduate

pʰɛ̄·jə·tʰɔ̂ˀ·tʃō·ʔə·pʰə̄·mɨ̂ — while attending class (with pʰə̄.mɨ̂)

tɔ̀·tʰɔ̄·tʃō — high school

tʃō·bā·jwà — church

tʃō·pʰō — student (example 668)

tʃō·θə·râˀ — schoolteacher

tʃō·pʰō — student

tʰôˀ·lwî·wā·tʃō — Hto Lwee Wah School (name) (example 647)

θū·mwɛ̄·kʰī·tʃō — Thoo Mweh Khee School

θə·râˀ·tʃō·kʰôˀ — principal, head teacher

tʃɔ̂ˀ

kɔ̂·tʃɔ̂ˀ·tɛ̀ˀ — Thailand

tə·dīˀ·θōˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·tʃɔ̂ˀ·tɛ̀ˀ — (don't) speak like (central) Thai (Ballard 1973c)

tʃɔ̂ˀ·tɛ̀ˀ — Central Thai person

tʃɔ̂ˀ·tɛ̀ˀ·klòˀ — Thai language

tʃɔ̄

elder brother, older brother (speaker referring to self, familiar form)

jə·tʃɔ̄ — my older brother

tʃɔ̄·tʃɔ̄ — older brother (familiar term of address, reduplicated)

tʃɔ̄ˀ

tʃɔ̄ˀ·hāˀ — Jorhat (place name)

tʰâˀ

loom (non-referential object with tʰā)

tâ·tʰā·tʰâˀ — weaving (action nominalization)

tʰā

weave
poem

tâ·tʰā·tʰâˀ — weaving (action nominalization)

tʰāˀ

metal, iron

plì·tʰāˀ — wire (metal string)

tʰāˀ·lwāˀ — saw (tool)

tʰāˀ·plà — chisel (noun)

tʰāˀ·tʰī — molten metal

tʰîˀ

see (perception verb)
instance (classifier for dreams, sentences, utterances, topics)

bâˀ·tâ·xɨ̄·tʰîˀ·nê·ʔɔ̀·lə̄·pʰɨ̄·mɔ̂·tɔ̂ — were discovered by (agent in oblique phrase)

dīˀ·θōˀ·pɣà·kə·mlə̂·kə·tʰîˀ — so that the audience would see (Vlog, with dīˀ.θōˀ dɔ̄ˀ)

dōˀ·tʰîˀ·jə·θāˀ — let myself be seen (Gilmore 1898)

jə·dōˀ·tʰîˀ — I let myself be seen

jə·tə·tʰîˀ — I didn't see

jə·tʰîˀ — I see, I saw, I met

jə·tʰîˀ·bâˀ — I see you, I meet you

kə·tʰîˀ — will see

mə̄·pə·lɛ̀·tʰîˀ·lòˀ·θāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·ʔə·wɛ̄·θêˀ — order us to meet with them (News interview)

nə·kə·tʰîˀ — you will see

nə·tʰîˀ·lòˀ — you meet (someone)

pə·tʰîˀ·bâˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — we can see, we get to see

pə·tʰîˀ·lòˀ·θāˀ — we see each other, we meet

pɣà·xɨ̄·tʰîˀ·θêˀ·ɲā·tâ·pʰō — researcher

tə·tʰîˀ·bū·ʔɔ̀·nɔ̄·tə·blɔ̄·bâˀ — have never seen him (experiential negative with nɔ̄)

tʰîˀ·bâˀ — catch sight of (punctual achievement, vs. stative tʰîˀ 'see')

tʰîˀ·bâˀ·lə̄ — see that (discovery, with complement)

tʰîˀ·bū — have seen (experiential)

tʰîˀ·bū·dīˀ — have ever seen (as of yet, implying still possible)

tʰîˀ·kʰlɨ̄ˀ — see in time, notice before it's too late

tʰîˀ·lòˀ·θāˀ — meet (each other) (highly lexicalized)

tʰîˀ·lòˀ·kwɛ̄·lə̄·nêˀ — see (him) playing there (bare complement, bound pronoun on verb)

tʰîˀ·lòˀ·θāˀ — meet each other

tʰîˀ·lɔ̀·kè — see (ourselves), look at

tʰîˀ·lɔ̀·ʔə·θāˀ — see oneself

tʰîˀ·lòˀ — meet (see-RECP)

tʰîˀ·lòˀ·θāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ — meet (someone) (with dɔ̄ˀ for singular subject)

tʰîˀ·lòˀ·θāˀ — meet (each other)

xɨ̄·tʰîˀ — search, discover

xɨ̄·tʰîˀ·nê — discover, find

xɨ̄·tʰîˀ·nê·θə·kōˀ — find together, discover together

xɨ̄·tʰîˀ — find, discover

tʰī

water

blə̄·tʰī — baptize

klòˀ·tʰī — translate

kwâ·tʰī·kwâ·sʰāˀ — examine

làˀ·pʰāˀ·tʰī — tea

lâˀ·pʰāˀ·tʰī — tea

lɨ̂·tʰī — bathe

mè·tʰī — boiled rice water (example 683)

mè·ɦò·tʰī·ɦò — rice and water (elaborate expression)

mū·kʰôˀ·tʰī — rainwater

mə̄·nə·lɛ̀·də̂ˀ·tʰī — ask you to go and draw water (Ballard 1973b)

mɛ̀ˀ·tʰī — tear (noun) (eye-water)

mɛ̀ˀ·tʰī·mɛ̀ˀ·nō — tear (noun) (A-B-A-C elaborate expression; nō only in EEs)

mɛ̀ˀ·tʰī·kə·là — mirror

nə·pɔ̂·tʰī — you swim

nə·tʰī·kʰlîˀ — your cold drink (example 681)

nɨ̂·tʰī — milk

plè·tʰī — saliva (second part)

pɔ̂·tʰī — swim

pɣà·tʰī·pɣà·kɔ̂ — (other) people's countries (elaborate expression with noun pɣà as intervening element)

tâ·môˀ·pɔ̂·jə·θāˀ·lə̄·tʰī — I want to swim (impersonal construction)

tâ·θū·jə·θāˀ·lə̄·tʰī — I am thirsty

tə·kʰlɨ̄ˀ·lə̄·jə·ʔɔ̂ˀ·mè·nêˀ·jə·ʔɔ̄·sʰō·tʰī — before I eat, I first drink water (with sʰō 'first')

tɛ̄·klòˀ·tʰī·sə̀ — help translate

tʰāˀ·tʰī — molten metal

tʰī·pù·pʰō — small well

tʰī·kɔ̂ — country (parts of whole type coordinate compound: water-land)

tʰī·pù — well, water hole

tʰī·pù·kɔ̂·pù — inside of a country, domestic country (elaborate expression with relator noun pù as intervening element)

tʰī·pʰō·kɔ̂·pʰō — citizens (children of water and land)

tʰī·sʰɛ̄ˀ·mɛ̄ˀ·jwà — Hti Hseh Meh Ywa (place name)

tʰī·θə·pə̀ — water jar

tʰī·klō — river

tʰī·kɔ̂ — country (water-land)

tʰī·pʰō·klō — river, creek

tʰūˀ·plè·tʰī — saliva, drool

ʔɔ̂ˀ·mè·ʔɔ̄·tʰī — eat and drink (cumulative type elaborate expression)

ʔə·tʰī — its juice, its water, its liquid, molten state

ʔə·tʰūˀ·plè·tʰī — his saliva

ʔə·θwîˀ·ʔə·tʰī — its blood (and juices)

tʰīˀ

base, origin
root (in compound)

kʰɔ̂ˀ·tʰīˀ — first, base, foundation

kʰɔ̂ˀ·tʰīˀ·kə·tə̂ — first (superlative)

pə·ɣî·tʰīˀ — our roots

ʔə·kʰɔ̂ˀ·tʰīˀ — its base, at the base of

tʰôˀ

bird
thrust, poke
measure

tʰôˀ·kîˀ — parrot

tʰôˀ·kʰɨ̄ˀ — plant upland rice (by thrusting hole in ground)

tʰôˀ·pʰō·lîˀ·pʰō — birds (elaborate expression; only first component contributes meaning)

tʰôˀ·ɦò·lîˀ·ɦò — birds (elaborate expression with ɦò; group/mass reference)

tʰôˀ·lwî — dove, pigeon

tʰôˀ·lwî·kʰâˀ — Bitter Dove (personal name in story)

tʰôˀ·lwî·wā·tʃō — Hto Lwee Wah School (name) (example 647)

tʰôˀ·θə·trɔ̀ — compare

tʰō

box (v.)

kə·tʰō — thousand (numeric classifier)

kʰī·kə·tʰō — two thousand (2020)

tʰō·prə̄·lòˀ·θāˀ — compete in boxing

tʰō·kʰlī — raft

tʰōˀ

pig

pə·tʰōˀ — bean

pə·tʰōˀ·pʰāˀ·tʰɔ̄ — asparagus bean

tʰōˀ·lə̄·ʔə·bɨ̂ˀ·wɛ̄ — pigs that he had been raising (with coreference marker wɛ̄ in RC)

tʰōˀ·mì — wild boar

tʰōˀ·mɛ̄ — pig's tusk

tʰú

tʰú·rian — durian fruit (loanword)

tʰûˀ

trunk (of tree/plant)
plant (verb)
be vertical, be overhead (of sun)
lime (for betel chewing)

tâ·tʰûˀ·tâ·bō — plant, crop

tə·tʰûˀ — one trunk (tree classifier)

tə·tʰûˀ·xɔ̄ — the same trunk

ʔə·tʰûˀ — its trunk, its plants

ʔə·tʰûˀ·mê·tə·ʔôˀ·ʔā·bâˀ·sʰâˀ — although there were not many plants (Moon rabbit, with mê)

θə·kʰōˀ·tʰûˀ — mango tree (θəkʰōˀ only in compounds)

tʰū

gold
kick
roll (arrangement classifier)
worship (second element in elaborate expressions)

kə·bûˀ·tʰū·bā·jwà — worship God

pʰlə̂ˀ·tʰū — football (ball or sport)

pʰɛ̄·tʰū — golden necklace

sɔ̀·tʰū — Saw Too (male name)

tâ·kʰûˀ·tʰū — gold mining

tʰū·ɣè — Htoo Gay (name) (example 796)

tʰū·θə·nū — tradition (elaborate partner?)

ʔə·lɨ̂·lâ·tʰū·θə·nū — its traditions, its customs

tʰūˀ

brush (teeth)
spit (verb)
be rich, be wealthy

jə·tə·tʰūˀ·tə·tɔ̀ — I am not rich (personal prefix precedes elaborate expression)

jə·tʰūˀ — I brush

tə·tʰūˀ·tə·tɔ̀ — not rich (elaborate expression with negative prefix on both components)

tʰūˀ·mɛ̄·plâ·mɛ̀ˀ — brush teeth and wash face (cumulative type elaborate expression)

tʰūˀ·plè·tʰī — saliva, drool

ʔə·tʰūˀ·plè·tʰī — his saliva

tʰwîˀ

dog

tʰwîˀ·mì — wolf

tʰwîˀ·pʰō — puppy, small dog (dog + diminutive)

tʰwîˀ·hɔ̂ˀ·kʰôˀ — fox (lit., dog-earth?)

tʰwɛ̄

follow (verb and functional V2)
right (side)

bâˀ·tʰwɛ̄ — be connected with, be related to

kwâ·tʰwɛ̄ — look after, take care of

kwâ·tʰwɛ̄·lòˀ — look after each other

kwâ·tʰwɛ̄·lòˀ·θāˀ — look after each other

mà·tʰwɛ̄ — follow, obey

pòˀ·tʰwɛ̄ — follow (compound)

sē·sʰɔ̂ˀ·tʰwɛ̄ — subsidy, allowance

sʰɔ̂ˀ·tʰwɛ̄ — support

tâ·ɣê·tâ·klò·lə̄·ʔə·bâˀ·tʰwɛ̄·dɔ̄ˀ·pə·pɣà·kə·ɲɔ̄·pʰō — information related to us Karen

tɛ̄·pòˀ·tʰwɛ̄ — say after (example 669)

θāˀ·wîˀ·pòˀ·tʰwɛ̄ — sing after

tʰɔ̂ˀ

go up, come up (directional/prior motion verb)
up, out (directional modifier)
inchoative marker: appear, start to V
expresses increased degree with descriptive verbs
raise (children), bring up
new (in compound)

tʰɔ̂ˀ — directional modifier (up)

bâˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get better, improve (increasing degree with directional verb)

bêˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — unsheathe, draw (a knife)

būˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get closer

bɔ̂ˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get fatter

bɣɔ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ — repair (up), fix up

bɣɔ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·nê — repair for (me)

bɣɔ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·sə̀ — help repair

dīˀ·nāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — the more severe (it) becomes

dīˀ·ʔā·tʰɔ̂ˀ — the more (it) increases

dôˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get bigger (increased degree with directional tʰɔ̂ˀ)

dōˀ·θə·nè·tʰɔ̂ˀ — depend on

dɨ̄ˀ·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kè·wɛ̄ — recreated (with coreference marker)

dɨ̄ˀ·ʔā·tʰɔ̂ˀ — increase indirectly, provide more (of opportunities)

dɨ̄ˀ·ʔôˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — found, establish (cause to exist up)

hāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — go out

hāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·hāˀ·lɔ̀ — travel around (elaborate expression)

hāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — go away

hāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — leave, depart; go out (prior motion verb compound)

hêˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — give to (recipient of higher status or abstract entity)

hêˀ·ʔā·tʰɔ̂ˀ — give more

hīˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — take up

hɛ̄·sòˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — bring up/out

hɛ̄·xê·tʰɔ̂ˀ — come running up (example 623)

jì·tʰɔ̂ˀ — go further away, drift away

jìˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get longer (time), last longer

jù·tʰɔ̂ˀ — fly up, fly out (example 773)

jù·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — fly away

jùˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — lifted up, extended upward

jə·tə·ʔōˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·xàˀ — I didn't open

jə·tʰɔ̂ˀ — I go up, I attend

jə·ʔōˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — I opened

jə·θêˀ·ɲā·ʔā·tʰɔ̂ˀ·wɛ̄ — I knew more (with coreference marker)

kô·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get hotter

kûˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — plan, decide (example 704)

kwâ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — look up

kɔ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get more difficult

kə·dɨ̄ˀ·kū·kà·tʰɔ̂ˀ — dress up

kə·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ — will become

kə·pɣè·tʰɔ̂ˀ — will start calling (example 797)

kə·pʰlāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — will dig up (with hoe)

kə·sāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — will start

kə·tʰɔ̂ˀ·pʰō·nê·mā·lɔ̀ˀ — marry and raise families with each other (irrealis prefix precedes elaborate expression, reciprocal follows)

kə·pɔ̀·tʰɔ̂ˀ — shine

kə·tɛ̀ˀ·kə·tɔ̀·tʰɔ̂ˀ — prepare, get ready

kə̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ — pry up, lift up

kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ — become, occur, happen, be formed

kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·bâˀ — become (leaders)

kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — turn into (with negative connotation, e.g., ashes)

kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·nê — become for (us)

kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·sê·kɔ̄ˀ — also occurred

kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·ʔə·θāˀ — happen (anticausative)

lə̄·ʔə·wɛ̄·hɛ̄·pàˀ·pʰlā·tʰɔ̂ˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ·tâ·ɣê — the things that he mentioned (prenominal RC, Hpapun speaker)

lɛ̀·tʰɔ̂ˀ — go up, go to, attend

lɛ̀·tʰɔ̂ˀ — go up, increase, develop

lɛ̀·tʰɔ̂ˀ·lɛ̀·tʰɔ̄ — develop (intr.)

lɛ̂·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get wider

mà·blē·tʰɔ̂ˀ — smooth, make smooth

mà·kô·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kè — heat up again (causative + directional + temporal)

mà·ʔā·tʰɔ̂ˀ — increase directly, raise (e.g., salaries)

mɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ — sprout, grow

mɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kè — grow back, sprout again

mɨ̀ˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get nicer, become more enjoyable

nā·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get more severe

nāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get worse

nì·tʰɔ̂ˀ — burst out laughing (inchoative)

nîˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·θɔ̄ — New Year

nə·kə·hāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — you will go away

nə·kə·kə̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ — you will pry up, you will stand up

nə·mê·pʰlō·tʰɔ̂ˀ·tʃō·wì — after you have graduated (when with certainty, HUR)

nə·tâ·sʰō·kə·môˀ·lə̄·ʔə·bâˀ·xāˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·tâ·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·θāˀ — your thoughts about that incident

nə·ʔōˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·xàˀ — you opened

nə·ʔōˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·ʔêˀ — open for

nə·ʔɔ̄ˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — you opened

nə̄·mū·tʰɔ̂ˀ — smell good, become fragrant (inchoative)

pàˀ·pʰlā·tʰɔ̂ˀ·wɛ̄·dâˀ — mentioned, brought up (lit., put appear up)

pàˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — put up, place

pûˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — pile up, accumulate

pə·hāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — we will leave

pə̂·tʰɔ̂ˀ — appear, come out

pɣà·lə̄·ʔōˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·pɛ̄·trɔ̄ — the person who opened the window

pɣâ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get older

pɣâ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — age, become old (deterioration)

pɣè·nê·ʔā·tʰɔ̂ˀ — buy more (example 762)

pɣè·tʰɔ̂ˀ — start calling (inchoative; of frogs)

pɣɛ̀·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get filled up

pʰlō·tʰɔ̂ˀ — graduate (lit., go through up)

pʰɛ̄·jə·tʰɔ̂ˀ·tʃō·ʔə·pʰə̄·mɨ̂ — while attending class (with pʰə̄.mɨ̂)

pʰɨ̄·tî·θɔ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ — Hputee Thaung Htaut (personal name)

sāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — start, begin (non-modal secondary verb; sāˀ from Burmese sá + tʰɔ̂ˀ 'come/go up')

sāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·lə̄ — starting from, since

sāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·lə̄·ʔôˀ·pʰlɛ̂ˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·lì·lì — since (you) were born (with both markers)

sāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·ʔə·θāˀ — start (intr.) (anticausative)

sīˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·pə·trə̀ — praise

sīˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·pə·trə̀·lɔ̀ — praise oneself; lɔ̀ indicates orientation toward self

sòˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — carry up/out; take up

sòˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — carry away

sʰîˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get sourer

sʰûˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get stronger

tâ·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·θāˀ — incident, event

tâ·lɛ̀·tʰɔ̂ˀ·lɛ̀·tʰɔ̄ — development (nominalized verb)

tâ·pàˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·xôˀ·ʔə·θə·də̄·mɨ̂·tə·bêˀ — a hti (pagoda umbrella) is placed (non-topical patient, no bâˀ)

tâ·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·θāˀ — incident, event

tē·tʰɔ̂ˀ — build, create (something new); tʰɔ̂ˀ indicates appearance of previously non-existent thing

tə·dɨ̄ˀ·ʔôˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — does not cause

tə·hɛ̄·kè·pə̂·tʰɔ̂ˀ — had not come back out

tə·ɣè·tʰɔ̂ˀ — not get better, not improve

tɨ̀·tʰɔ̂ˀ — arrive up, reach the top

tɨ̀·lə̄·nə·θāˀ·mī·māˀ·dɔ̄ˀ·nə·kə·hāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — only when you're satisfied you will leave (Karen sermon)

tɨ̀·mê·klôˀ·ʔə·kê·ʔə·ɣɔ̀·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·tə·sɨ̄ — once the drum-casting mould has been formed (Karen drum)

tʰɔ̂ˀ·pʰō·nê·mā — raise children and get married (coordinate compound)

tʰɔ̂ˀ·θū — get dark, become tanned

tʰɔ̂ˀ·θū·kwìˀ — turn black completely

tʰɔ̂ˀ·pɣâ — get married

tʰɔ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ — grow taller, get longer

tʰɨ̄ˀ·pʰlā·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kè — revealed, brought forth

ɣè·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get better, improve

ɲɔ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get easier

ʔā·tʰɔ̂ˀ — increase

ʔā·tʰɔ̂ˀ — increase (intransitive)

ʔôˀ·kə·tɛ̀ˀ·kə·tɔ̀·tʰɔ̂ˀ — are prepared

ʔôˀ·kə·tɛ̀ˀ·kə·tɔ̀·tʰɔ̂ˀ·ʔə·θāˀ — be prepared (resulting state)

ʔôˀ·pûˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — are piled up

ʔôˀ·pûˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·ʔə·θāˀ — be piled up (resulting state)

ʔôˀ·pʰlɛ̂ˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — be born

ʔōˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — open (tr.)

ʔōˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·xàˀ — be open (resulting state, focus on result rather than action)

ʔōˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — open (transitive verb)

ʔōˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·xàˀ — be open

ʔōˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·ʔə·θāˀ — open (intr.), be open (anticausative)

ʔū·tʰɔ̂ˀ — play (flute)

ʔɔ̄ˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — open

ʔə·dôˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·bâˀ — grew up

ʔə·dɨ̄ˀ·kɛ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ·sê·kɔ̄ˀ — also causes

ʔə·pʰlōˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — it splatters up

ʔə·θāˀ·pɣâ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kwìˀ — they aged (example 834)

θāˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get angry

θāˀ·dôˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ·bâˀ — be angry at (someone) (applicative)

θāˀ·pɣâ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get old, age

θêˀ·ɲā·ʔā·tʰɔ̂ˀ — know more, learn more

θē·tʰɔ̂ˀ — get better at, improve

θûˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — build

θûˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — build (plant-UP)

θɔ̂ˀ·tʰɔ̂ˀ — start making sound

tʰɔ̄

be tall, be long, be high (of dimensions)
Htaw (part of personal name)

kə·tʰɔ̄ — approximately (of length; with kə- for estimation)

kə·xē·tʰɔ̄ — will dry up

lìˀ·dôˀ·lɛ̂·tʰɔ̄ — significant literature (elaborate expression from lìˀ-lɛ̂)

lɛ̀·tʰɔ̄·dā — go against (the wind)

lɛ̀·tʰɔ̂ˀ·lɛ̀·tʰɔ̄ — develop (intr.)

lɛ̀·tʰɔ̄ — go long, develop (elaborate partner)

pàˀ·xē·tʰɔ̄·wɛ̄ — put to dry (with coreference marker)

pə·tʰōˀ·pʰāˀ·tʰɔ̄ — asparagus bean

pʰāˀ·tʰɔ̄ — very long, very high, very tall

pʰɨ̄·tʰɔ̄·nâ·θrɛ̄ — Hpu Htaw Na Threh (personal name)

sʰīˀ·tʰɔ̄ — length, dimensions

sʰīˀ·tʰɔ̄·lɛ̂ˀ — how high

tâ·lɛ̀·tʰɔ̂ˀ·lɛ̀·tʰɔ̄ — development (nominalized verb)

tɔ̀·tʰɔ̄·tʃō — high school

tʰɔ̄·nê — longer than

tʰɔ̄·tə·sɛ̄ˀ — a bit long (sometimes too long)

tʰɔ̄·tʰɔ̂ˀ — grow taller, get longer

tʰɔ̄·bō — always, forever (post-clausal adverb)

tʰɔ̄·dā — against, opposite direction

xē·tʰɔ̄ — dry up, become dry

tʰɔ̄ˀ

pig

tâ·lɔ̂·lə̄·pʰɨ̄·θāˀ·pɣâ·mà·θī·tʰɔ̄ˀ·ʔə·lɔ̂ — the place where the old man killed the pig (Jones 1961)

tʰɔ̄ˀ·ɲâˀ·kə·θū — pork curry

tʰə̂ˀ

bag

jə·sʰə̄·tʰə̂ˀ — I stand

jə·tʰə̂ˀ — my bag

jə·ɣɛ̀·sʰə̄·tʰə̂ˀ — I get up (example 659)

kʰɔ̂ˀ·pʰjū·tʰə̂ˀ — computer (example 832)

nə·pʰə̄·nɨ̀ˀ·lə̂·sʰū·tʰə̂ˀ·pù·bâˀ·sʰâˀ·θə·nàˀ·kē — although you put a stone in the bag (LTP.D, concessive without mê)

pʰlɔ̂ˀ·kʰī·tʰə̂ˀ — trouser pocket

sʰə̄·tʰə̂ˀ — stand (posture verb used in concurrent action constructions)

tô·tʰə̂ˀ — wallet, purse

ɣɛ̀·tʰə̂ˀ — stand up, move to standing position (movement-to-posture verb)

tʰə̄

pick, pluck
clan, lineage

dōˀ·xɨ̄·tʰə̄ — run in an election, let oneself be elected

dōˀ·xɨ̄·tʰə̄·ʔə·θāˀ — run in an election, let oneself be elected

dûˀ·tʰə̄ — family

tâ·xɨ̄·tʰə̄ — election

tʰə̄·pʰɣôˀ — collect, gather

xɨ̄·tʰə̄ — choose, select

xɨ̄·tʰə̄·nê — choose for (someone's benefit)

ʔə·dûˀ·ʔə·tʰə̄ — their tribes and clans

ʔə̄·tʰə̄·nɛ̄ˀ — internet (loanword)

tʰɛ̄

only (pre-classifier particle
from noun tʰɛ̄ 'loincloth')

pʰɔ̂ˀ·kwâ·mê·ʔə·kô·wɛ̄·dôˀ·tʰɛ̄·lɛ̂ˀ — touch to see how hot it is (with mê in interrogative complement)

tʰɛ̄·kū — paso (tube skirt for men)

tʰɛ̄·lɛ̂ˀ — how many, how much (question word)

tʰɛ̄·lɛ̂ˀ·tʰɛ̄·lɛ̂ˀ — no matter how much (reduplicated)

tʰɛ̄·θōˀ — be equal (to)

tʰɛ̄·θōˀ·lòˀ — be equal to each other

tʰɨ̄

trap

kɔ̄ˀ·lə̄·sʰɛ̄·tʰɨ̄ — call (this) 'setting a trap' (KWH)

tʰɨ̄·kə·pʰâˀ — (elaborate element in 'pray')

xē·bā·tʰɨ̄·kə·pʰâˀ·sə̀ — pray for (someone) (with help meaning)

tʰɨ̄ˀ

pull, drag

tʰɨ̄ˀ·pʰāˀ — set apart, separate

tʰɨ̄ˀ·pʰlā·tʰɔ̂ˀ·kè — revealed, brought forth

hesitation marker (English loan)

wà

husband

dɔ̄·mō·wà — married couple, pair of wife and husband (with dɔ̄ collective)

dɔ̄·mō·wà — couple (husband and wife)

jə·wà — my husband

nə·wà — your husband

pɣà·dɔ̄·mō·wà — couple, married couple

wàˀ

half
scratch (verb)

wàˀ·ʔêˀ — scratch for (someone) (N.Thailand); scratch (someone's) back for them

wâˀ

bamboo

wâˀ·bō — bamboo stem

θêˀ·dē·wâˀ·dē — tree branches

θêˀ·ɦò·wâˀ·ɦò — trees and bamboos

wā

be white

jə·pʰū·wā — I polish white

kɔ̀·là·wā — foreign white person, Westerner (example 793)

mè·wā — white rice, good life (metaphorical)

mì·lə̄·nɔ̂·wā — my name is Naw Wah (quotative with noun)

nɔ̂·wā — Naw Wah (female personal name)

pə·θə̄·wā — garlic

pʰī·wā — nun

pʰrâˀ·θū·wā — Hpra Thoo Wah (personal name)

pʰū·wā — polish white, make white by smearing

sɔ̀·wā — Saw Wah (male personal name)

sɔ̀·wā — Saw Wa (male personal name)

sʰē·wā — Karen white dress

sʰē·mô·wā — white tunic

tə·ɣè·tə·wā — not good (A-B-A-C elaborate expression with negative prefix)

tʰôˀ·lwî·wā·tʃō — Hto Lwee Wah School (name) (example 647)

wā·wā — white (with plural referents, reduplicated form)

ɣè·wā — be kind, good-hearted (synonymous type coordinate compound)

ʔə·ɣè·ʔə·wā — (s/he) is kind, (they) are kind (elaborate expression from ɣè-wā)

wāˀ

zero (used e.g., when telling phone numbers)

dɨ̄ˀ·θûˀ·pô·θāˀ·wāˀ — make excited, cause excitement

ʔə·dɨ̄ˀ·θûˀ·pô·θāˀ·wāˀ — it makes (you) excited

θûˀ·pô·θāˀ·wāˀ — be excited (elaborate expression)

wè

hāˀ·jù·wè·wɔ̀·wɛ̄ — were flying around (example 783)

wè·wɔ̀ — go around, move about (marginal directional verb)

wê

city, town (used as specifier in place names)

dīˀ·θōˀ·kə·lɛ̀·mà·lō·tâ·lə̄·wê·pù — to go study in the city (purposive clause, Karen village)

kʰū·wê — city (synonymous type coordinate compound; kʰū only in compounds)

wê·blīˀ — Myeik (city in Myanmar)

wê·kî·mɛ̄ — Chiang Mai city

wê·lə̄·nə·ʔôˀ·ʔɔ̀ — the city where you live

wê·pù — in the city

wê·tə·kûˀ — Yangon

ʔə·kʰū·ʔə·wê — their cities (elaborate expression from kʰū-wê)

wē

lā·nôˀ·wē·bə̂ˀ — November

ʔə·xà·ʃə·wē·rôˀ — Ahasuerus, Xerxes (king's name)

wì

finish, come to an end (completive/clause-modifying verb)
connective in successive constructions

kə·wì — will finish (optional kə-)

mê·wì — after (lit., when finished)

mē·wì·blɔ̄ — then, after that (colloquial, lit., once finished)

mē·wì·blɔ̄ — after that, then (lit., COND-finish-time)

nə·mê·pʰlō·tʰɔ̂ˀ·tʃō·wì — after you have graduated (when with certainty, HUR)

pʰɛ̄·jə·ʔɔ̂ˀ·mè·wì·ʔə·lɔ̂·kʰī — after I have eaten (with relator noun lɔ̂.kʰī)

tâ·θâˀ·wì·ʔɔ̂ˀ·jə·θāˀ·lə̄·mè — I am hungry

tâ·sù·kʰā·kə·tɔ̂·mê·wì — when the rainy season is over (news article)

tə·wì — doesn't finish

tə·wì·dīˀ·bâˀ — haven't finished yet

tɨ̀·pɣà·ʔɔ̂ˀ·mè·wì·nêˀ — when people have finished eating (Ballard 1973b)

θâˀ·wì — be hungry

wìˀ

twist

nɔ̂·wìˀ — key

nɔ̂ˀ·wìˀ — key

wìˀ·θī — kill by twisting (e.g., breaking a chicken's neck)

wìˀ·θū — twist dry (e.g., a towel)

wîˀ

be tasty, be delicious
with clausal subject: like (the taste of)

jə·kə·θāˀ·wîˀ — I will sing

lìˀ·θāˀ·wîˀ — hymn book

pɣà·θāˀ·wîˀ·tâ·pʰō — singer

pʰāˀ·wîˀ — very tasty, extremely delicious

pʰāˀ·wîˀ·ɲā — extremely delicious

tâ·lə̄·jə·ʔɔ̂ˀ·ʔɔ̀·wîˀ — things that I like (to eat) (with resumptive pronoun ʔɔ̀)

tâ·θāˀ·wîˀ — song (nominalized verb, thing V-ed)

tâ·θāˀ·wîˀ·tâ — singing (action nominalization with postverbal object)

tâ·θāˀ·wîˀ — song (thing-sing)

wîˀ·māˀ — be very tasty, enjoy greatly

wîˀ·nɔ̂ — tastier than, cook better than

ʔə·tâ·θāˀ·wîˀ — their song

θāˀ·wîˀ — sing (transitive compound; wîˀ 'be tasty')

θāˀ·wîˀ·bûˀ — dare to sing

θāˀ·wîˀ·pjāˀ — sing for (someone), sing a song for (someone)

θāˀ·wîˀ·pòˀ — sing after (example 667)

θāˀ·wîˀ·pòˀ·tʰwɛ̄ — sing after

θāˀ·wîˀ·tâ — sing (with generic object tâ)

θāˀ·wîˀ·θə·kōˀ — sing together

θûˀ·wîˀ·θāˀ·sʰə̄ — sing (elaborate expression)

wī

carry on back (with tumpline)
load carried on back (measure/classifier)
fate, luck

pə·wī — our fate, our luck

wī·θāˀ·sù — please (polite request marker)

wīˀ

kʰôˀ·wīˀ — Covid

wɔ̀

dɛ̄·kə·wɔ̀ — refugee camp area

hāˀ·jù·wè·wɔ̀·wɛ̄ — were flying around (example 783)

hɔ̂ˀ·kə·wɔ̀ — region

lɔ̂·kə·wɔ̀ — local, locality, area

pɣà·lɔ̂·kə·wɔ̀·pʰō — villagers

wè·wɔ̀ — go around, move about (marginal directional verb)

wɔ̄

round, turn (classifier
from verb 'wind around')

dū·θə·wɔ̄ — village (in 'another village', 895)

pɣà·θə·wɔ̄·pʰō — villager

θə·wɔ̄ — village

θə·wɔ̄·pù — inside the village

θə·wɔ̄·pʰō — villagers, villager

wɛ̀

kə·wɛ̀ — catch fish with a hand net

kə·wɛ̀·ʔɔ̂ˀ — catch fish with hand nets (for eating)

pɣà·kə·wɛ̀·ʔɔ̂ˀ·tâ — people who catch fish with hand nets (relative clause without lə̄)

wɛ̂

elder sibling, older brother

dɔ̄·pɨ̂·dɔ̄·wɛ̂ — brothers and sisters, siblings

dɔ̄·pɨ̂·wɛ̂ — siblings (collective + younger sibling + older sibling)

jə·dɔ̄·pɨ̂·wɛ̂ — my siblings (as a group)

jə·dɔ̄·pɨ̂·wɛ̂·kʰwā — my brother

jə·wɛ̂ — my older brother

jə·wɛ̂·kʰwā — my older brother

jə·wɛ̂·sɔ̄ — my elder brother

nə·dɔ̄·pɨ̂·wɛ̂·kʰwā — your brother

nə·wɛ̂ — your city

pə·dɔ̄·pɨ̂·wɛ̂ — our siblings

pə·pɨ̂·pə·wɛ̂ — our siblings (elaborate)

pɨ̂·wɛ̂ — siblings (cumulative kinship coordinate compound)

wɛ̂·kʰwā — older brother (formal term)

wɛ̂·mɨ̂ˀ — older sister (formal term)

wɛ̄

third person coreference marker (literary style)
correlative particle (used in emphatic demonstratives)

wɛ̄ — coreference marker clitic